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Bacteria
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Infections of the urethra or bladder, termed urethritis and cystitis, respectively, can be caused by any one of the Gram-negative bacteria that occur in the intestines. Escherichia coli and Proteus sp. are the organisms most commonly isolated from individuals with urogenital infections. When the infection progresses into the kidney from the bladder, it may have serious consequences including renal failure and death.
A busy haematuria clinic
Published in Tim French, Terry Wardle, The Problem-Based Learning Workbook, 2022
Renal infection is usually secondary to lower tract infection if the kidneys are otherwise normal. It can largely be prevented by prompt treatment of the cystitis with a suitable antibiotic. Secondary pyelonephritis is usually caused by ureteric reflux, which would cause no renal damage in the absence of lower-urinary tract infection.
Urinary Tract Infections, Genital Ulcers and Syphilis
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Asymptomatic bacteriuria occurs in all populations but particularly pregnant women (of whom about 20% will get active infection), elderly patients, catheterised patients and those with transplants. Cystitis refers to infection or inflammation of the lower urinary tract, which can be caused by bacteria that cause urinary infections, Chlamydia or non-infectious causes (e.g. autoimmune, medication and radiation). Pyelonephritis can be acute or chronic and refers to infection or inflammation of the renal parenchyma.
Potential applications of PEGylated green gold nanoparticles in cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2022
Bushra Shal, Safa Amanat, Ashraf Ullah Khan, You Jeong Lee, Hussain Ali, Fakhar ud Din, Youmie Park, Salman Khan
Cyclophosphamide (CYP) is a cytotoxic alkylating agent, belonging to oxazophorine group having reported efficacy in numerous human malignancies [1]. Detrimental toxicities such as immunosuppression and haemorrhagic cystitis are associated with this anti-cancer agent reducing its clinical usefulness [2,3]. Numerous therapeutic agents have been evaluated experimentally and clinically against CYP-induced cystitis, but none has been proved to have complete protective effect. Clinically, sodium-2-mercaptoethane sulphonate (mesna) is used to detoxify acrolein; however, dose-dependent side-effects still occur with its use. Therefore, in order to enhance the effect of CYP and inhibition of cystitis along with reduction in bladder pain, there is a need for the development of a potential alternative therapy for cystitis. In the current study, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been prepared owing to its diverse biomedical applications such as photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, drug delivery, X-ray imaging, and sensing [4]. The synthesis of AuNPs is simple, its optical and physicochemical properties contribute to diverse nanotechnology applications. For the synthesis of AuNPs, green synthetic strategy using plant extract have attracted researchers’ attention due to sustainability initiatives [5,6].
In vitro synergistic activity of fosfomycin in combination with meropenem, amikacin and colistin against OXA-48 and/or NDM-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2020
Buket Erturk Sengel, Gulsen Altinkanat Gelmez, Guner Soyletir, Volkan Korten
FOS seems to be a good alternative agent against CPKp infections. It is an old phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) analogue antibiotic discovered in 1969, produced by Streptomyces spp.3 It is a bactericidal antibiotic that inhibits the formation of peptidoglycan chains at an earlier step than beta-lactams. It inactivates UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase (MurA), an enzyme that catalyzes the first step of bacterial cell wall synthesis within the cell.4,5 It is available in two oral formulations (fosfomycin trometamol and fosfomycin calcium) and one intravenous (IV) formulation (fosfomycin disodium). The oral form has been used for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis. To date, the IV form has been used for the treatment of various infections, such as pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, surgical infections, and bacteremia besides urinary tract infections (UTIs).6 It was initially registered in some European (Spain, Germany, France) and non-European (Japan) countries and has been available in Turkey since 2018. It has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, including both gram-negative (including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and/or carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae)7 and gram-positive pathogens (including vancomycin-resistant E. faecium, E. faecalis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis).8
Antibiotic switch after treatment with UTI antibiotics in male patients
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2020
Marius A. H. Skow, Ingvild Vik, Sigurd Høye
As more studies are suggesting shorter optimal antibiotic treatment duration [14,15], our data also suggest no obvious benefit of treatment for more than 7 days. While treatment duration of 7 days or less was associated with higher crude OR for antibiotic switch compared to 8–14 days, the adjusted OR was lower. As current guidelines recommend 5–7 days of treatment for acute cystitis and 7–10 days of treatment for febrile/complicated UTI, one might expect that shorter courses might represent treatment for acute cystitis, while longer courses might represent treatment for febrile UTI. The switch rate of pivmecillinam, which may not reach therapeutic concentrations in the kidneys or the prostate [34], was indeed slightly higher in the 10–14 DDD treatment (12.9%) compared with 2–9 DDD (11.6%). However, for trimethoprim and nitrofurantoin, which are not recommended for febrile UTI treatment, switch rates were considerably lower in 10–14 DDD treatments compared with 2–9 DDD treatments. Hence, the number of DDD does not seem to distinguish between acute cystitis and febrile UTI in our material.