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Fenugreek in Management of Immunological, Infectious, and Malignant Disorders
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
Rohini Pujari, Prasad Thakurdesai
Culex quinquefasciatus, commonly known as the southern house mosquito, is a medium-sized mosquito found in tropical and subtropical regions. The 3rd–4th instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus laboratory colony was reported with high susceptibility during in vitro assay with 100% and 98% mortality (to the water and ethanol extract of fenugreek at 30% and 20% concentration respectively) (Fallatah 2010). In this study, fenugreek extracts cellular vacuolization and disintegration and rupture of the epithelial layer of muscles, nerve ganglia, midgut, hindgut of larvae with significant protein loss to suggest high larvicidal properties against mosquitos (Fallatah 2010). In another study, ethanolic extracts of fenugreek leaves and two fractions (ethanol and butanol) demonstrated potent in vitro anti-plasmodial assay against laboratory-adapted chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant P. falciparum isolates during Schizont maturation inhibition assay (Palaniswamy et al. 2010).
Viral Pathogens: A General Account
Published in Jagriti Narang, Manika Khanuja, Small Bite, Big Threat, 2020
Vinod Joshi, Bennet Angel, Annette Angel, Neelam Yadav, Jagriti Narang
The virus belongs to the genus Phlebovirus and is basically a disease of the livestock, which may infect humans in close contact with the infected livestock (with blood and animal tissues, by consuming unpasteurized milk). Though the virus causes mild infection and hepatic liver in humans, 8–10% may report eye disease, encephalitis, hemorrhage conditions, etc. The Rift Valley fever was first reported in Kenya’s Rift Valley in 1910 and since then is seen in African areas. Mosquitoes such as Aedes and Culex are also known to transmit the disease. Since the infection in human lasts only for 2 days, no specific treatment is required. However, researches on vaccines are going on.
Arthropod-borne virus encephalitis
Published in Avindra Nath, Joseph R. Berger, Clinical Neurovirology, 2020
The ecological and public health factors which bring about the infection are well characterized (Table 16.10). Transmitted by Culicine mosquitoes, principally Culex tritaeniorhychus, certain agricultural practices and climatic conditions such as paddies, irrigation, and heavy rainy seasons favor mosquito multiplication. Wading birds serve as hosts, but domestic pigs are instrumental to human infection. Human and pig habitats often intermingle. High levels of viremia, in the absence of visible illness in domestic pigs, facilitates transmission to humans by the vector. Centralized pig production, modern farming practices, mosquito eradication and widespread immunization have markedly reduced the incidence of JEV disease in certain countries such as Japan and South Korea.
The impact of climate change on mosquito-borne diseases in Africa
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2020
Christine Giesen, Jesús Roche, Lidia Redondo-Bravo, Claudia Ruiz-Huerta, Diana Gomez-Barroso, Agustin Benito, Zaida Herrador
Regarding the analyzed environmental factors, temperature was the most frequently analyzed climatic variable in the selected studies. In the context of CC, heatwaves and extreme maximum and minimum temperatures are expected to become more frequent [58]. A rise of 1ºC during the last decades has already been registered in Eastern African regions [19]. Temperature may affect both vectors and parasites [9,86]. Culex spp mosquitoes have been shown to be sensitive to increased temperatures, therefore increasing the risk of WNV infections [59]. However, Anopheles spp mosquito populations decrease at 40ºC, while Plasmodium spp parasites seem to have an optimal temperature window of 30–32ºC [60]. Nevertheless, it should be taken into account that an adaptation to changing environmental conditions of the pathogen, the vector or both may take place in the future [61].
Bio-efficacy of ultrasound exposure against immature stages of common house mosquitoes under laboratory conditions
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2020
Mohammad Sistanizadeh-Aghdam, Mohammad Reza Abai, Mansoureh Shayeghi, Amir Hossein Mahvi, Ahmad Raeisi
The common house mosquito Culex pipiens is an annoying biting pest with a worldwide dispersion in the urban environment. This species is also known to be one of the most medically important vectors of human and animal diseases worldwide, e.g. filariasis, West Nile virus, and some other viral encephalitis (Azari-Hamidian et al. 2009). Immature mosquitoes may be found in a variety of urban aquatic habitats including the under- and above-ground cisterns of drinking water, stagnant water, untreated sewage, wetlands, and rice fields. Developing marginalization in suburbs of tropic and subtropic regions leads to forming improper water-storing systems such as open drinking water cisterns and more difficulties in wastewater disposal, which attracts mosquitoes for egg-laying leading to subsequent increases in mosquito densities, transmission of human and animal pathogens, and outbreaks in mosquito-borne diseases.
The knowns and unknowns of West Nile virus in Europe: what did we learn from the 2018 outbreak?
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Jeremy V Camp, Norbert Nowotny
The natural maintenance of WNV (i.e. enzootic cycles of transmission) relies on the virus infecting wild birds and mosquitoes; humans and horses are dead-end hosts. Transmission of the virus occurs when uninfected mosquitoes feed on viremic birds and when virus-competent mosquitoes transmit the virus to naïve hosts. Efficient transmission relies on competent mosquitoes selecting competent avian hosts (i.e. hosts which develop high viremia). Although the virus may infect a large number of animals, vector and host competence vary by species. For example, the virus causes high viremia in many species of birds, making them excellent hosts [13]; however in some bird species, for example North American corvids (American crows, Black-billed magpies) and European accipiters (Northern goshawk), virus infection may cause death [5, 14,15,16]. Similarly, the virus may infect many species of mosquitoes (e.g. Coquillettidia spp., Aedes vexans), but Culex species are considered the most important vectors, capable of transmitting the virus via saliva [1]. The differences in efficient use of competent vertebrate hosts and competent vectors can be attributed partly to virus genetics, and specific virus mutations that increase the efficiency of virus replication in certain hosts have been demonstrated.