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Social Distancing and Quarantine as COVID-19 Control Remedy
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Adeel Ahmad, Muhammad Hussaan, Fatima Batool, Sahar Mumtaz, Nagina Rehman, Samina Yaqoob, Humaira Kausar
Many studies were reported that Coronavirus infected many species, but no evidence was found regarding its infections in humans till mid of 1960s. It belongs to enveloped, single stranded RNA viruses in order of Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae and subfamily Coronavirinae. On the basis of genetic makeup and cross-reactivity of different antigens, 26 different species named alpha, beta, gamma, and delta were recognized. Among these, only two strains, i.e., alpha, and betacoronavirus, are pathogenic to humans [10]. The COVID-19 is thought to be originated from bats because of its close genetic match (96%) with bats CoVs. However, no tangible link is found for another host’s existence before transmission to humans, although viruses share about 92% similarities to pangolin CoVs. Few evidences have suggested that SARS-CoV-2 might be that bat-borne virus which is transferred to pangolin then back to bats and then back to humans due to some incorporating homology of pangolin.
Review on Imaging Features for COVID-19
Published in S. Prabha, P. Karthikeyan, K. Kamalanand, N. Selvaganesan, Computational Modelling and Imaging for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, 2021
Currently, health care workers are giving their full efforts and support to control this epidemic. In February, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) published the authorized name for the current coronavirus as COVID-19, which is produced by SARS-CoV-2 (Hageman, 2020; Sun et al., 2020; Kuldeep et al., 2020). Originally, a group of coronavirus patients was identified in the Huanan South China Seafood marketplace in Wuhan (Gralinski and Vineet, 2020). Coronavirus is in the Coronaviridae group and the Coronavirinae subgroup. The novel coronavirus is genetically distinct. Up to 2020, there were six Covs known to infect humans (Fan et al., 2019). COVID-2019 disease emerged in China and spread rapidly to other countries. The severity of the disease and its rapid spread spurred WHO to announce a global health emergency day on 31st January, 2020. Afterwards, a pandemic situation was declared on 11th March, 2020. At present, there is no effective treatment for COVID-19, since there is no approved vaccination or drugs for giving humans with coronavirus infections. Currently all nations are working hard to prevent the further spread of COVID-19 (Kuldeep et al., 2020).
Current Epidemiological and Clinical Features of COVID-19; a Global Perspective From China
Published in William C. Cockerham, Geoffrey B. Cockerham, The COVID-19 Reader, 2020
Huilan Tu, Sheng Tu, Shiqi Gao, Anwen Shao, Jifang Sheng
Coronaviruses were first described by Tyrell and Bynoe in 1966, who isolated the viruses from patients suffering from the common cold.6 Tyrell and Bynoe called them coronaviruses because they are spherical virions with a core shell and surface projections resembling a solar corona.7 Coronaviruses are members of the subfamily Coronavirinae in the family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales. Members of this subfamily were genetically classified into four major genera: Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus, and Deltacoronavirus.8 Alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses infect only mammals and usually cause respiratory illness in humans and gastroenteritis in animals. The gammacoronaviruses and deltacoronaviruses predominantly infect birds, but some can also infect mammals.9 Six types of coronavirus have been identified in humans (HCoVs), including HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV. The first two belong to the Alphacoronavirus genus and the latter four to the genus Betacoronavirus.10 SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV can cause severe respiratory syndrome in humans, while the other four human coronaviruses induce only mild upper respiratory diseases in immunocompetent hosts.11,12 Coronaviruses did not attract worldwide attention until the 2003 SARS epidemic, followed by the 2012 MERS outbreak and, most recently, the novel coronavirus pandemic.
Viricidal treatments for prevention of coronavirus infection
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2020
Manoj Khokhar, Dipayan Roy, Purvi Purohit, Manu Goyal, Puneet Setia
Human Coronavirus (HCoV) is a significant public health problem worldwide, and a substantial number of reports on nosocomial outbreaks of CoVs infections have been communicated. Coronaviruses (CoVs) are single-stranded (ss) positive-sense RNA viruses, characteristic of rapid mutation and recombination. They cause respiratory or intestinal infections in humans and animals [1]. Currently, there are 39 species in five genera and two subfamilies belonging to the family Coronaviridae, according to the Coronaviridae Study Group (CSG) [2,3]. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) comes under the genus beta-coronavirus under the subfamily ortho-coronavirinae [2]. Comparative genomic analysis has revealed that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, clusters in trees with the species SARS-CoV and genus beta-coronavirus, thus being assigned to the same species as mentioned earlier [4,5].
Impact of COVID 19 on erectile function
Published in The Aging Male, 2022
D. H. Adeyemi, A. F. Odetayo, M. A. Hamed, R. E. Akhigbe
Coronavirus is a member of the Coronavirinae subfamily that belongs to the Coronaviridae family of the order Nidovirales. Four genera are enclosed in the four family: Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus, and Deltacoronavirus [18]. SARS-CoV-2, a representative of the Coronavirus family, has a genome size of approximately 29.9 kb [19]. Four anatomical proteins are enclosed in the coronavirus envelope and they consist of spike-shaped glycoproteins (S), envelope proteins (E), membrane proteins (M), and nucleocapsid (N) [20]. The protein aids in the fastening and initiation of the virus into the host cell [21].
Negative and positive environmental perspective of COVID-19: air, water, wastewater, forest, and noise quality
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Ranjan K Mohapatra, Pradeep K Das, Khan Sharun, Ruchi Tiwari, Saumya Ranjan Mohapatara, Pranab K. Mohapatra, Ajit Behera, Tamoghna Acharyya, Venkataramana Kandi, Kudrat-E Zahan, Senthilkumar Natesan, Muhammad Bilal, Kuldeep Dhama
As per ICTV (International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses), the subfamily Coronavirinae is classified into four genera, namely alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta Coronavirus. The α and β type infect humans, including multiple species of mammals. The SARS-CoV-2 (β virus) attaches to ACE2 (Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) through RBD (Receptor Binding Domain) regulating cross species as well as human-to-human transmissions [29,49]. As per reports, α Coronavirus also infects harbor seals [50]. The γ variants are observed in birds, aquatic creatures (whale, dolphin, etc.), while δ viruses are observed in mammals and birds [51,52].