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Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Aarthy K. Uthayakumar, Christopher B. Bunker
Congenital syphilis occurs due to transplacental transmission or at delivery. During pregnancy, it can lead to fetal loss or stillbirth, prematurity, neurologic impairment including deafness, and bone and dental deformities (Hutchinson’s teeth, Mulberry molars). Mucous membrane involvement with syphilis rhinitis, described as “snuffles,” is common and manifests as profuse nasal discharge containing a high concentration of T. pallidum. Cutaneous manifestations are similar to those seen in secondary syphilis.
Sexual health
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Rajeeb Kumar Sah, Sally Robinson
Syphilis is a chronic, systemic infection characterised by periods of active clinical manifestation interrupted by periods of latency. It is usually transmitted through sexual contact, but it can be passed from mother to baby during pregnancy (congenital syphilis). The bacteria spread from person to person through painless sores, small cuts in the skin or mucous membranes.
HIV, STIs, Risk Taking and Sexual Health
Published in Jane M. Ussher, Joan C. Chrisler, Janette Perz, Routledge International Handbook of Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2019
Pregnancy poses particular sexual health problems for women due to the risk of negative consequences for infants. Of major concern are the risks of congenital syphilis or mother-to-child transmission of HIV (Taylor et al., 2018). In 2012, approximately 900,000 pregnant women were infected with syphilis, which resulted in approximately 350,000 estimated adverse pregnancy outcomes, including 200,000 stillbirths or neonatal deaths (World Health Organization, 2017a). Although rates are still high, there has been a significant reduction in congenital syphilis diagnoses since the initiation of a global campaign to encourage systematic screening of pregnant women and their partners (Wijesooriya et al., 2016).
Ocular Syphilis: An Update
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2019
Parthopratim Dutta Majumder, Elizabeth J. Chen, Janika Shah, Dawn Ching Wen Ho, Jyotirmay Biswas, Leo See Yin, Vishali Gupta, Carlos Pavesio, Rupesh Agrawal
The United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommends performing a lumbar puncture to evaluate for neurosyphilis in all individuals with ocular syphilis.70 Examination of the CSF is mandatory in patients with syphilitic optic neuritis to confirm the diagnosis of neurosyphilis and subsequently to plan treatment.71,72 Major indications of performing a lumbar puncture in patients with ocular syphilis are: 1) syphilis with neurological involvement, 2) re-treatment of patients with a relapse, 3) before treatment with a non-penicillin regimen, and 4) infants with congenital syphilis.72,73 However, ocular syphilis is not always accompanied by syphilitic meningitis, and the diagnosis should not be excluded in the setting of a normal lumbar puncture.9
Fetal and Placental Pathology in Congenital Syphilis: A Comprehensive Study in Perinatal Autopsy
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2018
Napaputch Kittipornpechdee, Suchanan Hanamornroongruang, Duanphen Lekmak, Jitsupa Treetipsatit
Congenital syphilis (CS) is a result of Treponema pallidum infection in utero. Maternal-to-fetal transmission of syphilis occurs in all stages of the disease and in each trimester of pregnancy. The transmission is nearly 100% with primary or secondary syphilis [1]. Adverse pregnancy outcomes are more likely to occur in both untreated and treated pregnancies compared to uninfected pregnancies with a 40% rate of intrauterine fetal demise [1–3]. Currently, the most common method used to evaluate for fetal infection is comprehensive prenatal fetal ultrasound. Hepatomegaly, elevated peak systolic velocity of the middle cerebral artery by Doppler ultrasound, placentomegaly, polyhydramnios, and fetal hydrops are ultrasound abnormalities that are suggestive of CS. However, these abnormalities can be detected only after gestational age of 20 weeks. Sensitivity of prenatal ultrasound in diagnosing CS is 31% [3]. So, in cases where fetal infection results in stillbirth, autopsy serves as an audit tool for prenatal ultrasound diagnosis.
Syphilis at age 15 years
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2018
Jacqueline Kaufman, Bogar Garcia, Shawn Horrall
In the United States between 2005 and 2013, the number of primary and secondary syphilis cases reported each year nearly doubled, from 8724 to 16,663. Additionally, men are contributing an increasing proportion, accounting for 91% of all primary and secondary syphilis cases in 2013. Race/ethnicity shifts occurred in 2009, with rate increases most prevalent in black males shifting to a higher rate of increase in Hispanic and white men. Racial disparities still persisted, though, because the rate of increase in primary and secondary syphilis in black men remained 5.2 times that among white men. Among women, the rate of increase has been hovering between 0.9% and 1.5%, though the rate among black women was 13.3 times higher than that of white women.1 Additionally, peak prevalence age groups have shifted to younger ages over the past 10 years. Syphilis rates are now highest in those ages 20 to 24 and 25 to 29 years rather than those ages 35 to 39 years.2 The US Preventative Services Task Force and the American College of Emergency Physicians currently recommend screening high-risk populations such as patients with human immunodeficiency virus and young men (age under 29 years) who have sex with men.3 Furthermore, the incidence of congenital syphilis increased from 2012 to 2014 from 8.4 to 11.6 cases per 100,000 live births.4 If the average age of syphilis incidence has decreased, then we should consider syphilis in young adults and some adolescents.1,5,6