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Gastroenterology
Published in Nicholas Green, Steven Gaydos, Hutchison Ewan, Edward Nicol, Handbook of Aviation and Space Medicine, 2019
Nicholas Green, Steven Gaydos, Hutchison Ewan, Edward Nicol
Viral hepatitis: The majority of acute viral hepatitis will not result in long-term flying restrictions but may require temporary downgrading during the acute illness.Chronic viral hepatitis is of more concern, as it may be related to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and is associated with acute exacerbations.Antiviral therapy, such as interferon, requires close monitoring due to side effects, and aircrew are often restricted for a period of time following their initiation.
Emerging drugs for hepatitis D
Published in Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, 2023
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is the most aggressive form of chronic viral hepatitis for which an effective treatment is still lacking [1]. According to a recent study, it is estimated that approximately 4.5% of hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg)-positive individuals are also infected with HDV, which corresponds to 0.16% of the entire world population, and roughly 12 million people are infected with HDV [2]. It needs to be mentioned that two other studies have reported far higher (48–60 million) estimates [3,4]. The most recent figure has been mentioned as 0.44% of the world population (33 million) based on studies in the 2010 to 2019 period [5]. Current global HDV endemic regions include Mongolia, Pakistan, Middle East countries, Uzbekistan and other Central Asian countries in Asia, Cameroon and countries of sub-Saharan Africa in Africa, Western Pacific islands in Oceania, regions close to the Amazon river in South America and some eastern European countries such as Romania, Albania and Turkey [6]. Although there are findings suggesting that its incidence has decreased in Western countries, HDV infection is still a problem in these countries due to recent migration from endemic regions [7].
Correlation Between Serum Ferritin and Viral Hepatitis in Thalassemia Patients
Published in Hemoglobin, 2021
Natthapat Rujeerapaiboon, Adisak Tantiworawit, Pokpong Piriyakhuntorn, Thanawat Rattanathammethee, Sasinee Hantrakool, Chatree Chai-Adisaksopha, Ekarat Rattarittamrong, Lalita Norasetthada, Kanda Fanhchaksai, Pimlak Charoenkwan
Thirty-two thalassemia patients, including seven patients with TDT and 25 patients with NTDT, were enrolled in this study from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2018. The number of patients having chronic viral hepatitis (both viral hepatitis B and viral hepatitis C) was 13 (40.0%) and the number of patients in the non viral hepatitis group was 19 (60.0%) (Table 1). Ten (75.0%) patients and 15 (79%) patients were NTDT in the viral hepatitis group and the non viral hepatitis group, respectively. The mean LIC levels in the viral hepatitis and non viral hepatitis groups were not found to be significantly different [7.28 ± 4.7 mg Fe/g dry weight vs. 10.0 ± 6.5 mg Fe/g dry weight (p = 0.19)]. The sex and age of the patients, along with the subtypes of thalassemia, the presence of relevant liver enzymes and the prevalence of chelation have all been summarized in Table 1.
An update on liposomes in drug delivery: a patent review (2014-2018)
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2019
Mazen M. El-Hammadi, José L. Arias
Beside their useful role as drug delivery vehicles, empty LPs (without a therapeutic agent) have been examined for their intrinsic therapeutic effects. In particular, LPs are known to exert potent immunomodulating effects. In line with this, an LP comprising soybean lecithin, CHOL, palmitic acid, and vitamin E has been developed for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis via subcutaneous administration [13]. Another example are small unilamellar PEGylated LPs which have the ability to accumulate in inflamed tissues, at which they bind to white blood cells leading to reduction in inflammation [14]. These findings raise questions about a potential mechanism(s) of LPs interference with inflammation process in inflammation-associated diseases, and whether this interference can lead to improved therapeutic outcomes or induce undesirable toxicity.