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Chlamydial infection
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Joyce A. Ibana, Danny J. Schust
C. trachomatis is a member of the family chlamydiaceae. Three species under this family are commonly associated with human diseases: C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, and C. psittaci. Under a classification revised in 1999, chlamydiaceae is divided into two genera, chlamydia and Chlamydophila. C. trachomatis is under the genus chlamydia, while C. pneumoniae and C. psittaci are classified under the genus Chlamydophila (7). Some of the properties that differentiate the three chlamydiaceae species that represent important human pathogens are summarized in Table 1.
Chlamydial Lipopolysaccharide
Published in Helmut Brade, Steven M. Opal, Stefanie N. Vogel, David C. Morrison, Endotoxin in Health and Disease, 2020
Chlamydia psittaci, C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, and C. pecorum are bacterial species of the monoge neric family of Chlamydiaceae. These bacteria are pathogenic, obligatory phagosomal intracellular parasites, which cause acute and chronic diseases in animals and humans (1–3).
Curcumin and Neglected Infectious Diseases
Published in Venkatesan Jayaprakash, Daniele Castagnolo, Yusuf Özkay, Medicinal Chemistry of Neglected and Tropical Diseases, 2019
Francesca Mazzacuva, Agostino Cilibrizzi
Polyphenolic compounds have been also reported to inhibit Chlamydia growth through membrane disruption and restoration of host cell apoptosis or host immune system defence (Brown et al. 2016). Among the different species in Chlamydiaceae family, Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae cause common human neglected diseases, while Chlamydia abortus, Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia suis represent zoonotic threats and can be endemic in human food sources. In this context, the neglected tropical disease trachoma is a leading cause of eye disease in the world (Hotez et al. 2007). The pathogenic vehicle for this condition is Chlamydia trachomatis, a sexually transmitted bacterium (Potroz and Cho 2015). In 2008, Bhengraj et al. developed the topical formulation ‘BASANT’, containing curcumin (1) in combination with other active natural compounds (i.e., aloe vera, amla, and reetha saponins), which showed promising antimicrobial activity against Chlamydia trachomatis, as well as various microorganisms, including other Chlamydia species, Candida species and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Bhengraj et al. 2008).
Human psittacosis: a review with emphasis on surveillance in Belgium
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2020
Joanna Rybarczyk, Charlot Versteele, Tinne Lernout, Daisy Vanrompay
In 1999, Chlamydiaceae were reassigned from the single genus Chlamydia to two genera, Chlamydia and Chlamydophila, based on clustering analyses of the 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA genes [4]. However, based on comparative genome analysis, they are reunited in one single genus Chlamydia [5]. The genus Chlamydia currently includes 11 species: C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, C. muridarum, C. suis, C. abortus, C. felis, C. caviae, C. pecorum, C. avium, C. gallinaceae and finally C. psittaci. C. abortus occasionally infects birds while C. psittaci, and nowadays also the newly discovered species, C. avium and C. gallinacea are often found in birds. Thus, the etiology of avian chlamydiosis has recently been revised, since in theory, C. psittaci might no longer be the only causative agent as, depending on the avian host, two additional Chlamydia species can be found in birds [6] [Figure 1]. C. gallinacea has been demonstrated in backyard poultry, guinea fowl, chickens, turkeys, ducks and cattle, while C. avium has been found in pigeons and psittacines [7–10]. C. gallinacea and C. avium can occur together with C. psittaci in the same flock and even in the same bird [11,12]. However, the pathogenicity of the two new species for birds as well as their zoonotic potential have yet to be investigated.
Quinazoline and quinazolinone as important medicinal scaffolds: a comparative patent review (2011–2016)
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2018
Abdul Hameed, Mariya Al-Rashida, Maliha Uroos, Syed Abid Ali, Marium Ishtiaq, Khalid Mohammed Khan
The antibacterial potential of quinazolines and quinazolinones has been enormously explored. Chlamydiae belong to the chlamydiaceae family (order chlamydiales) that includes two genera: chlamydia and chlamydophila. Mammalian pathogenic bacteria from chlamydiales order include Chlamydia trachomatis, which is responsible for diseases such as ocular and lung infections, and sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Chlamydophila peuumonia is responsible for causing pneumonia while chlamydia is also responsible for reactive arthritis infections of urogenital tract causing prostatitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and increased risk of ectopic pregnancy or infertility in women [9]. Although antibiotic resistance is considered rare for Chlamydia trachomatis, it is widespread in several sexually transmitted bacteria, e.g. Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Mycoplasm genitallium. The rapid spread of azithromycin resistance among these bacteria has been attributed to the frequent treatment of patients with chlamydial infection with this antibiotic. Hence, discovery of new compounds to overcome bacterial resistance is of utmost importance. Structures of some of the quinozalinone-based compounds active as anti-chlamydial compounds bearing thiol and thiazole substituents are shown in Figure 4, Scheme 1 [10].
Chlamydophila psittaci pneumonia associated to exposure to fulmar birds (Fulmaris glacialis) in the Faroe Islands
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2018
Marian Elsubeth Fossádal, Mansour Grand, Shahin Gaini
A French study examined and sampled 195 North Atlantic wild seabirds in the period from 2011–2014 and found that 18.5% were infected with Chlamydiaceae species [3], but since the birds were rescued and unhealthy, it does not show the prevalence in the bird population.