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Order Zurhausenvirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
Second, the bivalent Cervarix™, containing the HPV16 and HPV18 L1 VLPs produced in baculovirus-infected insect cells and adjuvanted with AS04, has also shown sustained efficacy for up to 4.5 years (Harper et al. 2006; Schiller et al. 2008). Szarewski (2012) summarized the Cervarix™ vaccination data and stressed the significant cross-protection against some HPV types not included in the vaccine, where protection against HPV45 was particularly important, as this HPV type was relatively more common in adenocarcinoma. Moreover, the vaccine’s antibody response profile suggested a long duration of immunity.
Immunomodulatory Therapies
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
It is important to note that HPV vaccination works best when administered prior to individuals becoming sexually active, which is why it is administered at such early ages (e.g., 11–13). In the UK, HPV vaccination in girls aged 12–13 began in 2008 using CervarixTM. This was changed to GardasilTM in September 2012 due to the additional protection through the addition of two further HPV strains (6 and 11) known to cause the vast majority of genital warts. Furthermore, there is evidence that protection lasts longer (i.e., at least 10 years) for GardasilTM compared to CervarixTM (i.e., at least 9 years) and Gardasil-9TM (i.e., at least 6 years).
Prevention
Published in William Bonnez, Guide to Genital HPV Diseases and Prevention, 2019
William Bonnez, Darron R. Brown, Cynthia M. Rand
Cervarix is a bivalent vaccine that is made of the L1 VLP of HPV-16 (20 µg) and HPV-18 (20 µg) made in a baculovirus (an insect virus) expression system. These VLPs are mixed with an AS04 adjuvant. This adjuvant is made of 500 µg of aluminum hydroxide and 50 µg of 3-O-deacyl-4′-monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). MPL is a detoxified lipid A derived from the lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella minnesota R595.
Real-world impact and effectiveness of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine: an updated systematic literature review
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Wei (Vivian) Wang, Smita Kothari, Jozica Skufca, Anna R. Giuliano, Karin Sundström, Mari Nygård, Carol Koro, Marc Baay, Thomas Verstraeten, Alain Luxembourg, Alfred J. Saah, Suzanne M. Garland
A systematic literature review (SLR) update was conducted to evaluate the real-world impact and effectiveness of the HPV vaccines. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Google Scholar were last searched on April 1st, 2020 for peer-reviewed observational studies on the HPV vaccines, according to predefined search terms (Supplementary Table 1). This update aimed to capture vaccine impact and effectiveness data on previously reported HPV-related endpoints of genital HPV infections, AGWs, and cervical lesions from March 1st, 2016–March 31st, 2020. The search strategy was further expanded to include new endpoints from January 2007–March 31st, 2020, including RRP, oral and anal HPV infections, and oropharyngeal and anal lesions. These searches were performed separately. Searching for outcomes of interest was conducted within select full-text articles, with additional abstracts retrieved where necessary. Observational studies on the impact and effectiveness of the 4 vHPV and/or the 9 vHPV vaccine on HPV infection were eligible for inclusion (however, of note, available published data on the 9 vHPV vaccine were very sparse at the time of this review). We excluded studies which only reported on the 2 v vaccine Cervarix® to follow the same methods as the previous SLR [28]. Of note, reviews of population impact studies including the 2 v vaccine Cervarix® have been summarized elsewhere [29].
Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: a review of present management and future considerations
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2019
In 2006, the Food and Drug Administration licensed the use of Gardasil®, a quadrivalent vaccine (4vHPV) which protects against HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 [16]. Soon after, the lesser utilized vaccine, Cervarix®, was introduced by GlaxoSmithKline and is a bivalent vaccine (2vHPV) that protects against types 16 and 18 only [17]. Most recently, Merck released Gardasil 9® (9vHPV), which protects against high-risk types 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58 as well as HPV 6, 11. These vaccinations utilize the virus’ outer capsid protein L1 in its recombinant form to assemble a virus-like particle that mimics the HPV subtype desired [18]. Since these particles do not contain actual viral DNA, they are noninfectious and therefore cannot cause neoplastic changes in host epithelium.
HPV-vaccination impact in Denmark: is the vaccine working?
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2018
Elsebeth Lynge, Malene Skorstengaard, Charlotte Lynderup Lübker, Lise Thamsborg
The HPV-vaccination was therefore a highly appreciated new tool in control of cervical cancer in Denmark. The HPV-vaccine was marketed in 2006, but at a high price. In the population at large, HPV-vaccination therefore took off only after the vaccine was included in the childhood vaccination program, provided by the general practitioners free of charge for the girls. From October 2008, girls aged 13–15 years, born in 1993–1995, were offered vaccination; and from January 2009 vaccination was offered to all girls turning 12 years. From August 2012, a catch-up program was offered for women aged 19–26 years. Gardasil was used during the first 7 years of the Danish vaccination program; then Cervarix for 1.5 years, and from the autumn of 2017 Gardasil-9.