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Nanomedicine Against COVID-19
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Saima Zulfiqar, Zunaira Naeem, Shahzad Sharif, Ayoub Rashid Ch., M. Zia-Ul-Haq, Marius Moga
Silver nanoparticles are used for antiviral properties. We can use it through different mechanisms such as by dissolving nanoparticles of silver (0) forming Ag+ ions which show antiviral properties. Silver also has strong interaction with sulfur groups and interacts at functional domains of various enzymes. It can also interconnect with viruses’ proteins present at the surface or get into the host cell by making interaction with enzymes that contain thiols by blocking their function of virus multiplication. These nanoparticles use was hypothesized by Zodrow et al.; and Gusseme et al. for bacteriophage MS2 and MNV-1, respectively [48, 50]. Silver based nanoclusters are used for the blockage of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) by hampering the formation of viral RNA strand, and these nanoclusters show antiviral ability without formation of Ag+ ions [51].
RNA
Published in Paul Pumpens, Single-Stranded RNA Phages, 2020
Thus, the nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein was determined (Min Jou et al. 1971a,b, 1972a,b; Haegeman et al. 1972). Remarkably, by the sequencing, numerous indications were noticed for an ordered structure in many of the pure fragments, when the two strands remained together and behaved as a single molecule until their denaturation in the first dimension of the two-dimensional gel separation method (Fiers et al. 1971; Min Jou et al. 1971a,b, 1972a,b). The fragments showed a tendency to renature in the form of a dimer after denaturation.
Noroviruses: Laboratory Surrogates for Determining Survival and Inactivation
Published in Dongyou Liu, Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 2017
Doris H. D’Souza, Snehal S. Joshi
Bacteriophage MS2 is a bacterial virus, commonly found in sewage and wastewaters, that infects the bacteria E. coli [in particular, American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 15597B]. Bacteriophage MS2 is a single-stranded icosahedral RNA virus, between 27 and 34 nm in diameter, that belongs to the Leviviridae family in group 1 of the RNA coliphages and is adapted to the intestinal tract [104].
Making COVID-19 mRNA vaccines accessible: challenges resolved
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
The mRNA sequence of the target vaccine is analyzed by first extracting it in a phenol-chloroform mixture using TRIzol Reagent (a complete, ready-to-use reagent for the isolation of total RNA. This monophasic solution of phenol and guanidine isothiocyanate is designed to isolate separate fractions of RNA, DNA, and proteins from cell and tissue samples of human, animal, plant, yeast, or bacterial origin, within one hour) with intactness assessed by a bioanalyzer before and after extraction. The RNA is then fragmented by heating to 94°C, primed with a random hexamer-tailed adaptor, amplified through a template-switch protocol, and finally sequenced using a sequencing instrument with paired-end 778-per-end sequencing for the COVID-19 vaccines. An RNA of known concentration and sequence (such as from bacteriophage MS2) is used as the reference for the COVID-19 vaccine. Table 2 lists the structure, and Table 3, the BioNTech-Pfizer vaccine.
Dental aerosols: microbial composition and spatial distribution
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2020
C. Zemouri, C.M.C. Volgenant, M.J. Buijs, W. Crielaard, N.A.M. Rosema, B.W. Brandt, A.M.G.A. Laheij, J.J. De Soet
In the light of the current situation of a pandemic with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the data from this study show that dental aerosols, containing bacteria from human origin, will be distributed around the head of the patient during treatment. We should, however, keep in mind that in our study, only bacterial contamination was determined. Viruses are much smaller and therefore they can probably reach greater distances from their source. So, contamination of the air with viruses via droplet nuclei, can probably reach further than was found for bacteria in our study. Furthermore, settling of bacteria was determined, which is defined as the number of bacterial cells that are settled on a certain surface. When studying the transmission of airborne microorganisms, it is more important to study how long these microorganisms remain airborne. Studies have proven that viruses, such as the bacteriophage MS2, can remain airborne for hours in or on small aerosol particles. Since normal settling only reduces the viral load for about 48% in 45 minutes, it is advised to maintain proper ventilation of the treatment room to remove smaller aerosol particles that may contain viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2 [31].
Delivering CRISPR: a review of the challenges and approaches
Published in Drug Delivery, 2018
Christopher A. Lino, Jason C. Harper, James P. Carney, Jerilyn A. Timlin
Finally, though the CRISPR/Cas9 system has traditionally only been utilized to modify or otherwise interact with DNA substrates containing a PAM site, some recent cutting-edge work suggests that RNA with no PAM site can also be an active substrate for Cas9. Strutt and colleagues demonstrated that Cas9 subtypes II-A and II-C can recognize and cleave RNA in a directed manner utilizing RNA–RNA interactions independent of the presence of a PAM site in the target RNA molecule (Strutt et al., 2018). This cleavage protected E. coli cells from infection with bacteriophage MS2 particles, suggesting that Cas9 can provide cellular defense against both DNA and RNA viruses. This exciting work allows for the possibility of direct RNA targeting via CRISPR/Cas9, further expanding the scope of the system for practical applications.