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Animal Bites
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
Simian herpes B virus is a is a double-stranded DNA Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 similar to herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and HSV-2. The important reservoir is the macaques. Like the HSV in humans, macaques can asymptomatically shed B virus throughout life, making any macaque bite high risk for infection with B virus. The incubation period for infection in humans ranges from 2 days to 5 weeks, with most cases presenting 5–21 days after exposure. Infection with B virus in humans is characterized by herpetic skin lesions, sensory changes near the exposure site, fever and flu-like symptoms. Lymphadenopathy may develop proximal to the site of inoculation. Simian B virus travels to the central nervous system, causing encephalomyelitis and eventually death.
Unexplained Fever in the Pediatric Age Group
Published in Benedict Isaac, Serge Kernbaum, Michael Burke, Unexplained Fever, 2019
Viral infections accompanied by unexplained fever in infancy include cytomegalovirus infection, the infectious mononucleosis syndrome (not necessarily due to the Epstein-Barr virus) and the hepatitides. The latter are usually hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related and can be diagnosed by the presence of serological markers. These viral infections are frequently acquired through blood transfusions and may present with fever and extra-hepatic manifestations long before a diagnosis of hepatitis is made. Chronic active hepatitis (CAH) of the autoimmune type can be either HB V-related or of unknown origin. A rare type of autoimmune hepatitis which has been found in children from age 4 years is characterized by anti-liver-kidney microsomal antibodies.26 All types of autoimmune and HB V-related chronic active heptitis, as well as drug-induced hepatitis, can present with prolonged and undiagnosed periods of fever. Serological markers for HBV infection or autoimmune processes may take time to become positive. Liver biopsy and extensive serological investigation are often required for the establishment of the correct diagnosis.27
An Overview of Microbes Pathogenic for Humans
Published in Nancy Khardori, Bench to Bedside, 2018
Eric Lehrer, James Radike, Nancy Khardori
Herpes B virus: this virus is endemic in macaque monkeys and is transmitted via contact with mucous membranes. The infected macaques usually experience minimal to no symptoms (Hilliard 2007). When a human is infected with this virus, often due to a bite from a macaque or secretions invading a breached mucosal barrier, the infection is severe. Humans develop a life-threatening encephalitis and CNS dysfunction, which results in death roughly 75% of the time (Hilliard 2007, El Lakkis and Khardori 2014). Survivors of the infection develop lifelong neurologic deficits.
α- and β-Globin Gene Mutations in Individuals with Hemoglobinopathies in the Chattogram and Sylhet Regions of Bangladesh
Published in Hemoglobin, 2023
Tamanna Kabir, Saeed Anwar, Jarin Taslem Mourosi, Shanjida Akter, Mohammad Jakir Hosen
A total of 140 unrelated Bangali index subjects born and currently living in Chattogram and Sylhet regions of Bangladesh were primarily recruited in this study from the Thalassemia Welfare Center Bangladesh (TWCBD), Chattogram (n = 63) and the Department of Pediatrics, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College and Hospital (SOMCH), Sylhet (n = 77). All individuals had been previously diagnosed to carry hemoglobinopathies by either microscopic analysis (n = 91), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (n = 46), or Hb electrophoresis (n = 95). We interviewed all the participants and/or their legal guardians for background data and clinical history using a structured questionnaire. Following the primary interview, hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody tests for all subjects were ordered from a commercial diagnostic laboratory. Out of the 140 samples, 51 for HBsAg, 18 for HCV, and eight for both HBsAg and HCV, were positive. We excluded these subjects from any further analysis on the ground of safety concerns. We collected ∼5 ml of peripheral blood from the remaining index subjects (n = 63) in two separate vials by venipuncturing. We also recruited 63 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals as control subjects. The same background data and an equal amount of peripheral blood were collected from the control subjects.
The rising threat of illicit amphetamine-type stimulant use among methadone maintenance treatment patients in East Coast Malaysia: a retrospective observational study
Published in The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2023
Halim Ismail, Hanis Ahmad, Aishah Sanef, Winda Shahabudin, Naiemy Reffin, David Chan, Dzualkmal Dawam, Fathulzhafran Hanan, Mahani Nordin, Luqman Sahar, Khairuddin Daud, Kuzakuwan T Bongsu, Faeiz Syezri, Harith Mustapa
Sociodemographic and social network information were directly extracted from the form used during the routine medical examination. Social networking information was related to the interpersonal aspect, for example, whether anyone in the patient’s social network, such as family members or peers, encouraged or introduced them to ATS during their methadone treatment. Information related to cigarette and alcohol use was obtained from the same form. Current use of cigarettes and alcohol was recorded if evidence of their use was present in the past 12 months (30). Bloodborne infection status was recorded based on the most recent result of a rapid test for HIV, HbsAg (hepatitis B virus surface antigen) for hepatitis B, and anti-HCV for hepatitis C. All patients underwent annual blood screening tests for the three diseases except those who were already seropositive (31). The treatment duration was calculated by dividing the enrollment year into <5 years and ≥5 years, as adapted from a stabilized pattern of treatment retention was achieved after year 5 of enrollment (32). Methadone intake was measured based on the mean daily dose (mg/day) the patients received within the last 12 months and divided into suboptimum dosage (<60 mg/daily) and optimum dosage (≥60 mg/daily). Based on several reports, a suitable methadone dose intake is a minimum of 60 mg daily (33,34).
Immunogenicity and safety of 4 intramuscular standard-dose and high-dose hepatitis B vaccine in people living with HIV: a randomized, parallel-controlled trial
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Yongliang Feng, Zhuanzhuan Chen, Ruixue Xie, Tian Yao, Yuanting Wu, Feng Yang, Chenli Yuan, Xiaoyong Nie, Fuzhen Wang, Xiaofeng Liang, Suping Wang
Due to the shared routes of transmission, coinfection of HIV with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is not uncommon. Worldwide, approximately 10% of all people living with HIV (PLHIV) are concurrently and chronically infected with HBV; that is, approximately 3.77 million people [3]. In China, the HIV/HBV co-infection rate is 12% (10%–14%) in HIV/AIDS patients [4]. HIV infection accelerates HBV-related liver damage with a higher risk of progressing to liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Furthermore, HIV immunosuppression can cause the loss of antibody against hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) and reactivation of chronic hepatitis B [5–8]. On the other hand, the presence of HBV infection accelerates the immunologic progression of HIV infection and impairs CD4 cell activation in combating HBV infection [9]. The mortality rate among co-infected individuals is 19-fold and 8-fold higher compared to that of either HBV or HIV infection alone, respectively [5].