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Some Case Histories
Published in Jacques Derek Charlwood, The Ecology of Malaria Vectors, 2019
One of the difficulties associated with working on the Anopheles fauna in Southeast Asia is the large diversity of species encountered and the large number of species complexes that occur there. In addition to the principal vector, A. dirus, Cambodia is home to a number of secondary, or incidental, malaria vectors, including Anopheles minimus, Anopheles maculatus, Anopheles barbirostris and Anopheles sinensis, many of which bite in the early part of the night (Durnez et al., 2013). During the project, a total of 15 species or species groups of Anopheles were morphologically identified from the four study locations.
The role of UDP-glycosyltransferases in xenobioticresistance
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2022
Diana Dimunová, Petra Matoušková, Radka Podlipná, Iva Boušová, Lenka Skálová
For all these reasons and more, interest in the mechanisms of UGTs regulation in insects is growing. Recently Cheng et al. (2021) silenced hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF4) in the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens, a pest which affects rice crops, with enhanced resistance to imidacloprid observed. The knock-down of HNF4 caused upregulation of several detoxification enzymes, including four UGTs, two of which (UGT-1-7, UGT-2B10) were also increased in the resistant strain (Cheng et al. 2021). Similarly, silencing the NR2E nuclear receptor HR83 caused higher susceptibility to chlorpyrifos as well as decreased expression of detoxification genes, including two UGTs (UGT-1-3, UGT-2B10) (Lu et al. 2021). In addition to transcriptional upregulation, mutations and SNPs in flanking regions might also be responsible for increased expression leading to resistance. In Anopheles sinensis, eight SNPs surrounding UGT308D3 in field-resistant populations are proposed to be responsible for the resistance to pyrethroid (Zhou et al. 2019). Such a heritable overexpression of resistance-related genes has been projected to lead to an increased incidence of insects tolerant to virtually all of the commonly available insecticides (Li et al. 2007).