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Vaginitis (Candida/Yeast Infection)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Candida vaginitis is inflammation of the vagina due to a yeast infection. Symptoms of vaginitis can include vaginal pain, itching, discharge, and odor, along with pain on urination or during sexual intercourse. Vaginitis is probably the most common manifestation of candidiasis and represents infection by a microorganism that normally resides on the vaginal mucosal surface. Trichomonas is also a common cause of vaginitis, as is physical or chemical irritation.
Use of Dermatologics during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Topical antifungal agents used to treat vaginitis include butoconazole, clotrimazole, econazole, miconazole, nystatin, and terconazole. Systemic preparations used for vaginitis include amphotericin B, griseofulvin, and ketoconazole. These agents are discussed in Chapter 2. Systemic antifungals are not associated with an increased risk of birth defects, except for griseofulvin (conjoined twinning is hypothesized with griseofulvin; see Chapter 2). Topical application of these agents on parts of the body is not associated with an increased frequency of congenital anomalies or other medical complications.
The Vaginal Microbiome
Published in Carlos Simón, Carmen Rubio, Handbook of Genetic Diagnostic Technologies in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Shahriar Mowla, Phillip R. Bennett, David A. MacIntyre
The vast majority of research on the pregnancy vaginal microbiome to date has been focused on understanding its relationship with preterm birth (110), which continues to be the leading cause of childhood mortality worldwide (111). Vaginal pathogen infection (112) or pathologies such as BV (113,114) and aerobic vaginitis (112) have long been recognized to increase preterm birth risk. As reviewed in detail elsewhere (110,115), recent application of metataxonomic profiling approaches in pregnancy have given new insights into the relationship between vaginal microbiota composition and preterm birth. Numerous studies across different global populations have now shown that in women of White ethnic backgrounds, there is a positive association between increased vaginal microbial diversity and risk of PTB (24,116–121). In contrast, studies of Black pregnant women have not shown any relationship between vaginal microbiota composition and preterm risk (122) or have reported decreased vaginal diversity in women who subsequently experience preterm birth (123,124). As mentioned earlier in this chapter, these findings suggest that the influence of ethnicity on the vaginal microbiota extends to its association with pathologies, including preterm birth.
Bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomonal vaginitis in reproductive-age women in Yunnan, China: a descriptive study
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Ting Zhao, Xiao Xiao, Li Xiao, Xiao-Mei Wu, Tao Yuan
The ecosystem of the vagina is a complex micro-ecological system composed of the vaginal flora and is involved in the endocrine regulatory function of the body (Donders et al. 2002; Li et al. 2012). Lactobacilli play a key role in maintaining the normal vaginal flora. The presence of large amounts of lactobacilli will consume a considerable amount of glycogen, thereby reducing the nutrition level of other microorganisms, inhibiting their growth, and preventing the invasion of foreign pathogens (Forsum et al. 2005). Reproductive tract infections (ReTIs) are caused by various infectious and non-infectious factors and are among the most common diseases in women worldwide, particularly in developing countries (WHO 2005). Common symptoms of vaginitis include vaginal discharge, vulvar itching, and irritation. Vaginitis can be divided into more than 10 types according to its cause and pathogen; however, more than 90% of vaginitis is caused by bacterial vaginosis (BV), vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), trichomonal vaginitis (TV), and aerobic vaginitis (Aiping et al. 2013).
Anidulafungin treatment for fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans vaginitis with cross-resistance to azoles: a case report
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2021
Damla Akdağ, Hüsnü Pullukçu, Tansu Yamazhan, Dilek Yeşim Metin, Oğuz Reşat Sipahi, Beyza Ener, Meltem Işıkgöz Taşbakan
The patients with no response can be treated with suppressive treatment regimens including the use of oral or vaginally administered azole derivatives (Sobel 2016). Nevertheless, it should be kept in mind that azole resistant Candida may be responsible in patients who do not respond to treatment, even if there is no risk factor. As seen in this case, C. albicans may rarely cause infections resistant to not only fluconazole, but also itraconazole and voriconazole. Hence, antifungal sensitivity tests are necessary for the treatment success of the recurrent or refractory superficial fungal infections treatment. Topical options, such as boric acid, nystatin and amphotericin B, are recommended in the treatment of azole-resistant Candida vaginitis in the literature, but these agents are not available in Turkey.
Medical and surgical complications in pregnancy and obstetric labour complications in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS) cohort: a birth cohort study
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2020
Limin Yang, Kiwako Yamamoto-Hanada, Kazue Ishitsuka, Tadayuki Ayabe, Hidetoshi Mezawa, Mizuho Konishi, Tetsuo Shoda, Haruhiko Sago, Hirohisa Saito, Yukihiro Ohya
Obstetric labour complications are related to adverse outcomes in pregnant women and children’s health. A total of 46% of pregnant women suffered from obstetric labour complications. Besides serious maternal morbidity, the summary of obstetric labour complications in current study also includes common problems during pregnancy written in ‘other obstetric labour complications’, such as cystitis, periodontal disease and Candida vaginitis. This might explain the high prevalence of obstetric labour complications in this report. Our rate of obstetric labour complications is in line with that in a report of perinatal registration in 2012 from the Japan Society Obstetrics and Gynecology. This previous report indicated that approximately 55% of pregnant women have at least one complication of pregnancy (Masuzaki and Takeda 2014).