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Toxoplasmosis
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
The IgM titer is measured in three ways: IgM-indirect fluorescent antibody (IgM-IFA), IgM-ELISA, and IgM-ISAGA. IgM-IFA relies on antiserum specific to IgM. A titer >1:160 is diagnostic of an acute infection. If the antiserum cross-reacts with IgG, which is true of some testing kits, the results may be false positive. Additional problems include an inhibitory effect of high maternal IgG titers on fetal IgM titers and false positives created by autoimmune antibodies, that is, rheumatoid factor.
Infections
Published in Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara, Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara
Live vaccines generally are contraindicated, for an interval of at least 3 months after immunosuppressive therapy has been discontinued, because of an increased risk of serious adverse effects. However, the interval may vary with the underlying disease, the type and the dosage of immunosuppressive therapy and other factors. Therefore, it is often not possible to make a definitive recommendation for an interval after cessation of immunosuppressive therapy when live virus vaccines can be administered safely and effectively. In vitro testing of immune function, notably the measurement of serum antibody titres after immunisation with inactivated vaccine, may guide the safe timing of immunisations in individual patients.
Neuroinfectious Diseases
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Jeremy D. Young, Jesica A. Herrick, Scott Borgetti
If LP cannot be performed, a serum cryptococcal antigen is highly suggestive of invasive disease outside the lungs, being more than 90% sensitive and specific.7 Use in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid or urine is not recommended. Although the titer has some prognostic use, with initially high titers suggesting a higher burden of infection and a greater risk of treatment failure, serial antigen titers are not specific, and values may vary widely. Therefore, they should not be used to make decisions during the treatment phase.
Reduced antiviral seropositivity among patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with immunosuppressive agents
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2023
Hisashi Shiga, Takahiro Takahashi, Manabu Shiraki, Yasuhiro Kojima, Tsuyotoshi Tsuji, Sho Takagi, Keiichiro Hiramoto, Naonobu Yokoyama, Mikako Sugimura, Masahiro Iwabuchi, Katsuya Endo, Motoyuki Onodera, Yuichirou Sato, Yosuke Shimodaira, Eiki Nomura, Tatsuya Kikuchi, Hirofumi Chiba, Shinya Oomori, Hisaaki Kudo, Kazuki Kumada, Satoshi Nagaie, Soichi Ogishima, Fuji Nagami, Yusuke Shimoyama, Rintaro Moroi, Masatake Kuroha, Yoichi Kakuta, Takashi Ishige, Yoshitaka Kinouchi, Atsushi Masamune
This study has several limitations. First, it is difficult to judge the possibility of infection based on antibody titers alone. Even in patients with sub-protective antibody titers, cell-mediated immunity and local mucosal immunity could prevent infection. Indeed, receiving two doses of MMR or varicella vaccine is considered to be more important in protecting against infection than antibody titers themselves [3,32]. Second, the number of IBD patients and HS verified to have been vaccinated against each virus was unknown. Since the study population was limited to those aged <40 years, most patients should have received one or two doses of official MR vaccine in their childhood before their IBD diagnoses. However, the proportion of patients vaccinated against mumps and varicella, which were not covered by the public vaccination program, would be extremely limited. To minimize the effect of vaccination coverage rate on seropositivity rates, we compared the results with gender- and age-matched HS living in the same area, and we also performed multivariate analyses adjusted for gender and age. Third, as noted above, we did not include IBD patients without immunosuppressive therapy. Finally, antibody titers were measured at two laboratories, which may have affected the results. However, both laboratories used the same kits, and the results and conclusions did not change when analyzing antibody titers from only one laboratory.
Evaluation of clinical, diagnostic features and therapeutic outcome of neurobrucellosis: a case series and review of literature
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2022
Sudipta Patra, Vandana Kalwaje Eshwara, Aparna Ramakrishna Pai, Muralidhar Varma, Chiranjay Mukhopadhyay
Blood culture using the automated BacT/ALERT® 3D (bioMérieux, India) system and SAT using serum specimens were performed in all patients. Antibody titer ≥1:160 was considered as significant in serum specimens. CSF specimens were also subjected to culture, and tested for total cell count, protein, glucose, adenosine deaminase (ADA) and chloride. CSF abnormalities were considered as increased WBC count (>10 cells/mm3) with lymphocytic predominance, elevated protein levels (>45 mg/dL), and/or reduced glucose levels (<40 mg/dL). Isolated organisms were presumptively identified by Gram’s staining, oxidase test and Christensen’s urease test. Isolates were further confirmed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the bcsp31 gene of Brucella for the simultaneous identification of genus Brucella (208 bp), Brucella abortus (498 bp), and Brucella melitensis (731 bp) [9].
Enhanced stability of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine antigens with a novel formulation
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Jing Li, Rong Zhang, Huiqing Yang, Yanming Wei
Adjuvant, a key component, has an important effect on protein stability (Harmsen et al. 2015). This study showed the stability of vaccine prepared with ISA206, while the situation about other adjuvants, such as ISA201, was not clear. Thus, future investigation should be required to assess vaccine stability prepared with ISA201. In addition, antibody titer is an important parameter to evaluate vaccine quality. The problems of whether the formulation could influence the immunogenicity and whether stabilized vaccine contributes to antibody titer are the two considerable aspects to be fully considered. Therefore, further study should also take immune response in animals into account. Overall, these studies could provide a new insight into the improvement of the stability of inactivated vaccine.