China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The immune and lymphatic systems, infection and sepsis
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Michelle Treacy, Caroline Smales, Helen Dutton
Within the small intestine are collections of lymphoid tissues or nodules called Peyer’s patches. Similar nodules are also found within the appendix. They are well-situated to detect and destroy any pathogenic bacteria found within the intestine, preventing these bacteria from trans-locating or crossing the gastrointestinal wall. These tissues or nodules are collectively called mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT), and along with the tonsils and nodules within the bronchi, they protect the respiratory and digestive systems from a continuous barrage of pathogens.
Cells and Organs of the Immune System
Published in Constantin A. Bona, Francisco A. Bonilla, Textbook of Immunology, 2019
Constantin A. Bona, Francisco A. Bonilla
Peyer’s patches are large collections of lymphoid tissue in the mucosa of the outer wall of the terminal ileum. These nodular aggregates of lymphocytes are also dominated histologically by primary and secondary follicles. Lymphoid tissue is also diffusely spread in the lamina propria of the intestinal villi and crypts. These are predominantly T cells which express the CD8 surface marker (see Chapter 6). The GI tract is an extremely important area of immune activation since the body comes into close contact with a multitude of antigens and potential pathogens via this route.
Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Crohn’s Disease
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Robert M. Craig, Richard K. Burt
There are several phenotypes of dendritic cells within Peyer’s patches that may play an important role in gut immunity. If a lumenal antigen is presented as an innocuous food protein, dendritic cells generate anti-inflammatory IL-10, IL-4 and TGF-β resulting in oral tolerance.21 If the gut antigen is presented along with a danger signal from a microbial pathogen, dentritic cells within Peyer’s patches may release pro-inflammatory IL-12 and INF-γ, which may result in immunity towards both the pathogen as well as normally innocuous foods or even self-antigens, either of which could precipitate inflammatory bowel disease.
Albumin-Globulin Ratio Indicates the Survival Outcome of Pancreatic Cancer Cases Who Underwent Preoperative Treatment and Curative Surgical Resection
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Masamichi Hayashi, Daigo Kobayashi, Hideki Takami, Yoshikuni Inokawa, Nobutake Tanaka, Keisuke Kurimoto, Koki Nakanishi, Shinichi Umeda, Dai Shimizu, Norifumi Hattori, Mitsuro Kanda, Chie Tanaka, Goro Nakayama, Yasuhiro Kodera
The inflammatory status also produces acute-phase protein and immunoglobulin aggregation, leading to increased serum globulin (16). Additional analysis in Supplementary Table 2 indicated that high globulin level was significantly associated with the histological result of cancer invasion of the duodenum (P = 0.032). Generally, gamma-globulin, deeply related to immune function among the globulins, is called immunoglobulin. There are five types of immunoglobulins: G, M, A, D, and E. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is mainly responsible for gut immunity. Peyer’s patches are unique and vital immune organs localized in the intestinal wall. Primary immune cells such as dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells are concentrated in the Peyer’s patch region. These intestinal immune cell groups work together to produce IgA against the invading antigen and prevent it from entering the body. Such a mechanism may affect the association between globulin and duodenum invasion.
Recent strategies driving oral biologic administration
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Badriyah Shadid Alotaibi, Manal Buabeid, Nihal Abdalla Ibrahim, Zelal Jaber Kharaba, Munazza Ijaz, Ghulam Murtaza
Additionally, antigen/pathogen size affects transcytosis by M cells [45–47]. M cells are covered with a thin layer of mucus and possess relatively shorter microvilli than that of other epithelial cells, which could be helpful for pathogen-cell contact [48]. Dendritic cells are the antigen-presenting cells of immune response in the subepithelial dome under the follicle-associated epithelium. M cells transfer antigens and pathogens to these dendritic cells, which conduct antigen processing and transfer pieces to naïve CD4+ T cells (also known as downstream cells) [43]. Furthermore, germinal centers containing T and B cells are present in the Peyer’s patches. Intestinal mucosa contains other inductor sites also such as lymphoid follicles and mesenteric lymph nodes. A small number of dendritic cells are also dispersed in the whole mucosa and may identify antigen resulting in its uptake [49,50]. The most abundant cells of intestinal epithelia are the enterocytes, which can mediate antigen interaction with neonatal Fc receptors [51]. Another opportunity for vaccine fabrication could be proposed. It has been observed that the enterocytes can transport synthetic particles via paracellular route or non-Fc receptor facilitated pathway between intestinal cell-cell junction [52]. Alternatively, goblet cells can transfer antigens to dendritic cells, leading to tolerance [53]. In short, pathogenic characteristics (such as molecular features, particle size, and antigenic epitopes) identifiable by intestinal mucosa aid pathogen uptake and their presentation to APCs.
Nose-to-brain delivery of antipsychotics using nanotechnology: a review
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2020
Madeleine S. A. Tan, Harendra S Parekh, Preeti Pandey, Dan J. Siskind, James R. Falconer
The olfactory and respiratory regions are pertinent to systemic drug absorption due to their high vascularization [24]. However, the respiratory mucosa has more blood vessels than the olfactory mucosa. The ophthalmic artery delivers blood to the olfactory mucosa while the respiratory mucosa receives its blood supply from the maxillary artery. The nasal lymphatics passes through the cribriform plate near the olfactory nerves and drain CSF to the cervical lymph nodes [26]. Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring, which is part of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), is a ring located in the pharynx. It serves a similar function to the Peyer’s patches in the gastrointestinal tract. The Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring produces lymphocytes and acts as a defense mechanism against inhaled foreign particles [24]. Table 2 shows the parameters of the nasal cavity.