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Constitutive Host Resistance
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
The mononuclear phagocyte is derived from the monoblast. The monoblast produces promonocytes thus divide three times before becoming monocytes. The maturation of the monocyte into the macrophage requires no further cell division. The monocyte enters the blood and circulates before it enters the tissues to become a macrophage.
Morphology of Mononuclear and Malignant Cells
Published in Richard C. Niemtzow, Transmembrane Potentials and Characteristics of Immune and Tumor Cell, 2020
Blood monocytes are derived from primitive hemocytoblasts through the monoblast and promonocyte state in the bone marrow. The blood monocyte is sometimes considered an intermediate cell in the progression from monoblast-promonocyte-monocyte-tissue macrophage. Collectively, the monocyte-tissue macrophage system in the body has been classically known as the reticuloendothelial system (RES).4
Acute Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Published in Harold R. Schumacher, William A. Rock, Sanford A. Stass, Handbook of Hematologic Pathology, 2019
Mark D. Brissette, James D. Cotelingam
M5 is monocytic leukemia and comprises 10% of AML. Monoblasts, promonocytes, and monocytes constitute 80% or more of ANC in bone marrow. There are two subtypes determined by the percentage of monoblasts: M5a and M5b (Figs. 10 and 11, Tables 6 and 7). Monocyte differentiation is shown by positivity for A-EST and/or B-EST.
Efficacy and safety of consolidation therapy with intermediate and high dose cytarabine in acute myeloid leukemia patients
Published in Hematology, 2021
Kittisak Tangchitpianvit, Ekarat Rattarittamrong, Chatree Chai-Adisaksopha, Pokpong Piriyakhuntorn, Thanawat Rattanathammethee, Sasinee Hantrakool, Adisak Tantiworawit, Lalita Norasetthada
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematologic cancer resulting from the clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in the bone marrow (BM), peripheral blood, or other tissues [1]. The worldwide incidence rates of AML range from 2.5 to 3 cases per 100,000 populations per year [1]. In United States, estimated 21,450 AML patients were diagnosed in 2019 [2]. The large registry from Sweden showed the incidence of AML increased with age with the median age of diagnosis of 72 years [3]. The diagnosis of AML according to the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) Classification requires at least 20% of myeloblasts, monoblasts/promonocytes, and/or megakaryoblasts in the peripheral blood or BM [1]. Cytogenetic analysis from BM is a recommended initial investigation to classify the overall prognosis and guide in determining treatment [4–6]. Cytogenetic risks can be divided into three groups including favorable risk, intermediate-risk, and adverse risk [4,5].
Importance of distinguishing the promonocyte in leukemia
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2020
John R. Krause, Arthur Bredeweg
The acute monocytic leukemias are composed of a monoblastic variant and a monocytic variant.1,2 They are morphologically distinguished by the relative proportions of monoblasts and promonocytes. In acute monoblastic leukemia, ≥80% of the cells are monoblasts, whereas in acute monocytic leukemia, most cells are promonocytes or monocytes. Both types require ≥20% blasts. The promonocyte is considered a “blast equivalent.” Monoblasts have round nuclei with delicate lacy chromatin and one or more prominent nucleoli (Figure 1a).3 Promonocytes have irregular and convoluted fine lacy nucleoli with basophilic finely granulated cytoplasm and varying numbers of granules and/or vacuoles (Figure 1b).3 We report a case of acute monocytic leukemia in which the promonocytes morphologically masqueraded as promyelocytes.
Erythrophagocytosis by leukemic blasts in acute myeloid leukemia with a normal karyotype and no detectable mutations
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2020
N. Grant Collins, Heather M. O’Connor, Kathryn G. Lindsey
A 62-year-old woman with known systemic lupus erythematosus presented with weakness, fatigue, dyspnea, chills, dizziness, bleeding gums, epistaxis, and ankle swelling. She previously received chemoradiation therapy for small cell lung cancer. A complete blood count revealed normochromic, normocytic anemia with a hemoglobin of 8.0 g/dL, thrombocytopenia with a platelet count of 27 × 109/L, and a leukocytosis of 14.76 × 109/L with 43% circulating blasts. A bone marrow biopsy showed approximately 85% monoblasts with prominent erythrophagocytic activity by leukemic blasts and blast equivalents (Figure 1). A final diagnosis of AML with monocytic features was given.