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Leukemia
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Leukemia is cancer of the early blood-forming cells (lymphoid cells and myeloid cells). Most often, leukemia is a cancer of the white blood cells causing a rise in the number of white blood cells that end up being too numerous and do not work properly. Some leukemias, however, can start in other blood cell types. People with leukemia are at significantly increased risk for developing infections, anemia, and bleeding. Other symptoms and signs include easy bruising, weight loss, night sweats, and unexplained fevers.1 Leukemia can affect children, but affects adults more often. Nothing can be done to prevent leukemia.
Pediatric Oncology
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2020
Stephen Lowis, Rachel Cox, John Moppett, Helen Rees
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is a malignant tumor arising from lymphoid cells at various stages of activation and differentiation. In childhood, most present as extra-nodal disease, with rapid growth and non-contiguous spread. The large majority of lymphomas in childhood are high-grade, and may be of B- or T-lineage.
Lymphoma
Published in Anju Sahdev, Sarah J. Vinnicombe, Husband & Reznek's Imaging in Oncology, 2020
Sarah J Vinnicombe, Rodney J Hicks
The lymphomas and leukaemias are a diverse group of neoplasms derived from haematopoietic and lymphoid cell lineages. They vary widely in presentation, clinical features, and prognosis. Lymphomas, derived from mature lymphoid cells, primarily present as lymph node masses, whereas the leukaemias, derived from precursor lymphoid cells, arise within the bone marrow and primarily circulate within the peripheral blood. This distinction is somewhat arbitrary, as many lymphomas have a leukaemic component (e.g. adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma; chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL)). The pathological classification of haematopoietic and lymphoid tumours is highly complex and is discussed further later (Table 25.1) (1). Recent advances in gene expression profiling and next generation sequencing have yielded insights into mechanisms of tumourigenesis and have provided numerous new therapeutic targets. This largely explains the improvements in survival achieved over the last decade. However, the pivotal role of imaging, especially of the lymphomas, must be acknowledged. Accurate staging and prognostic stratification are critical in the choice of the most appropriate therapy, and imaging is vital in monitoring response to treatment and identifying relapse. Finally, it is key to assessing the efficacy of novel therapies for lymphoma within clinical trials.
Osmotic demyelination syndrome in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a case report and literature review
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2023
Miguel García-Grimshaw, Amado Jiménez-Ruiz, José Luis Ruiz-Sandoval, Carlos Cantú-Brito, Erwin Chiquete
An 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18 F-FDG) positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) showed hepatosplenomegaly without increased 18F-FDG uptake, and multiple hypermetabolic cervical, axillary, thoracic, abdominal and inguinal masses of the subcutaneous tissue (Supplementary Figure S1). An excisional biopsy of a cervical mass revealed diffuse infiltration by large lymphoid cells infiltrating the subcutaneous tissue. Immunohistochemistry staining was positive for CD20, BCL6, and MUM1 antigens. CD3, BCL2, and LPM1 antigens were negative, consistent with a non-germinal center DLBCL (Supplementary Figure S2). A bone marrow biopsy showed lymphoma infiltration, establishing the diagnosis of a stage IV extranodal DLBCL. Treatment with dexamethasone 40 mg/day for four days, and sodium chloride 0.9% 3000 mL/day was started. On day three, he developed an episode of fever (39.5 °C), and mixed delirium, without changes concerning his previous neurological examination. A chest CT revealed pneumonia, which was treated with piperacillin/tazobactam and clarithromycin.
Detection of abnormal lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of COVID-19 cancer patients: diagnostic and prognostic possibility
Published in Hematology, 2022
Lobna Refaat, Mona S. Abdellateif, Ahmed Bayoumi, Medhat Khafagy, Eman Z. Kandeel, Hend A. Nooh
Clinical Laboratory medicine plays a pivotal role in the early detection, diagnosis, and management of COVID-19 disease [12]. Many studies have addressed the clinical and laboratory effects associated with COVID-19 infection, with special attention paid to the peripheral blood cells and the morphological alterations that occurred during the course of infection [13,14]. The most common hematological changes that occur during the COVID-19 infection are lymphopenia, neutrophilia, and thrombocytopenia. In addition to the associated morphological abnormalities of the blood cells including large granular lymphocytes, atypical lymphocytes with abundant basophilic cytoplasm, and lymphoplasmacytic cells [15–17]. The presence of the reactive and a typical lymphoid cell suggests an abundant production of virus-specific T cells, thus explaining the better outcome for patients [18].
The Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Eyes with Intraocular Lymphoma
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2022
Kanae Fukutsu, Satoru Kase, Daiju Iwata, Kayo Suzuki, Kenichi Namba, Susumu Ishida
Malignant lymphoma is a general term for malignant tumors with monoclonal proliferation of lymphoid cells. It is classified into two categories: Hodgkin lymphoma that disturbs lymphatic tissues systemically, and the other is non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Most of the intraocular lymphoma (IOL) cases are Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, in which diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common histopathological type.1 IOL is often classified into two categories: the primary IOL (PIOL) which means IOL possibly arising from the vitreoretinal tissues, as well as the intraocular involvements from primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). The secondary IOL (SIOL) is a metastasis of lymphoma outside the central nervous system. PIOL often masquerades as infectious/noninfectious uveitis, while SIOL usually invades the choroid and manifests as thickened choroid. When patients are suspected of IOL, surgically obtained cell-block from vitreous samples is suggested as an advantageous tool to make an accurate diagnosis.2–4