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Haematological Disease
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Many patients are diagnosed after a routine FBC and the disorder progresses slowly or not at all. Others present with a high lymphocyte count, lymphadenopathy and heavy bone marrow infiltration, with symptoms of general malaise, B symptoms, bone marrow failure and recurrent infections. Secondary AIHA (in 5–10% of patients) or autoimmune thrombocytopenia sometimes develops.
HIV
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Jenani Jayakumaran, William R. Short
Pregnancy has no clear effect on HIV progression. A transient but clinically insignificant decrease in the CD4+ T-lymphocyte count has been described; however recent studies have shown no difference [21].
Artificial Intelligence Based COVID-19 Detection using Medical Imaging Methods: A Review
Published in S. Prabha, P. Karthikeyan, K. Kamalanand, N. Selvaganesan, Computational Modelling and Imaging for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, 2021
M Murugappan, Ali K Bourisly, Palani Thanaraj Krishnan, Vasanthan Maruthapillai, Hariharan Muthusamy
The COVID-19 virus has symptoms similar to other coronaviruses, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) (WHO-Coronavirus 2020, Huang et al. 2020, Chowdary et al. 2020). Current clinical manifestations of COVID-19 can include: (i) fever; (ii) breathing trouble; (iii) pneumonia; (iv) reduced white blood cell count (WBC); (vi) rapid increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR); and (vii) reduced lymphocyte count. Clinical symptoms of COVID-19 have been classified into four different stages: mild; moderate; severe; and critical (Worldmeters-Coronavirus 2020). According to a recent study, most COVID-19 patients have mild symptoms. The signs of a mild infection include fever, cough, dyspnea, respiratory symptoms (i.e., breathing difficulties or short breath), muscle ache, diarrhoea, and headache (WHO-Coronavirus 2020). The signs of moderate infection include high fever and pneumonia symptoms. Respiratory distress (Respiration rate ≥ 30 times/min) and oxygen saturation ≤ 93% in a resting state are the most common signs of severe infection. However, respiratory failure, septic shock, multi-organ failure, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), and death are signs of the critical stage (Mahase 2020, Wang et al. 2020b).
The Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) Score and Prognosis in Malignant Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Junhao Chen, Pan Song, Zhufeng Peng, Zhenghuan Liu, Luchen Yang, Linchun Wang, Jing Zhou, Qiang Dong
Second, in the tumor microenvironment, the high lymphocyte count can reflect the body’s immune response to tumor cells (84). For example, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are a type of lymphocyte and play a crucial role in cancer immunity. CTLs trigger antitumor immunity by recognizing different tumor-specific neoantigens (85). Moreover, CD8+ CTL infiltration into the tumor microenvironment is associated with good prognosis of different types of tumors (86). In addition, some indicators related to lymphocyte count, including neutrophil to lymphocyte (NLR) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), are associated with the prognosis of various tumors (87–89). Therefore, it is not difficult to understand that a low lymphocyte count will probably cause tumor progression and poor prognosis.
Prognostic Significance of Prognostic Nutritional Index in Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
San-Chao Xiong, Xu Hu, Thongher Lia, Yao-Hui Wang, Xiang Li
Systemic inflammation plays an important role in cancer progression. It was hypothesized that tumors profit from the inflammatory process in their microenvironment (32). Inflammatory cytokines could activate the cancer stem cell pathways necessary for initial tumor development and subsequent invasion of adjacent tissues (33). Based on these findings, laboratory inflammation markers such as C-reactive protein and lymphocyte count has been associated with the prognosis of RCC (6, 7, 34). Lymphocyte plays a critical role in cell-mediated immunity, which activates to clear the tumor cells and inhibit their development and invasion (32). A low lymphocyte count might be related to a poor lymphocyte-mediated response to tumor and lead to a poor survival (35). Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) could attenuate T-lymphocyte activation and promote T-regulatory cell development and function for terminating the immune response (13). And high PD-L1 expression was found to be associated with poor prognosis in RCC (36). Besides, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are significant components of anti-tumor response. The higher tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes mean more strongly anti-tumor effects and better survival outcomes (37).
The role of inflammatory parameters in predicting disease recurrence in patients with stage IIA colon cancer with no high-risk features
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2021
Erkan Erdur, Ozgen Ahmet Yildirim, Kerem Poyraz, Ferit Aslan, Fatih Yıldız, Halil Kömek
Lymphocytes play a major role in the antitumor immune response. A lymphocyte count represents the immune system’s ability of response. A low lymphocyte count is shown to be associated with shorter overall survival in patients with colorectal cancer due to low immune response [30]. On the other hand, monocytes also function in tumor progression and metastasis. Tissue macrophages that are derived from circulating monocytes enable angiogenesis, tumor migration, and progression [31]. A higher number of monocytes in the peripheral blood is associated with increased tumor-associated macrophages. Therefore, an elevated monocyte count in peripheral blood reflects a high tumor burden [32]. In their study on 104 patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma, Masatsune et al. [33] demonstrated that patients with LMRs lower than 3.38 at the time of diagnosis had shorter overall survival than patients with LMRs higher than 3.38 (p = 0.001). In another case series of 372 patients with stage II and III colorectal carcinomas, researchers found that both time to relapse (HR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.29–0.76, p = 0.002) and overall survival (HR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.29–0.78, p = 0.003) were shorter in patients with LMRs of <2.83 than in those with LMRs of >2.83 [34]. In our study, the LMR cut off with maximum sensitivity and specificity for predicting relapse was found to be 2.28. However, further analyses failed to demonstrate a significant association between PLR and relapse.