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Edible Vaccine
Published in Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal, Masood Sadiq Butt, Phytochemicals from Medicinal Plants, 2019
Vivek K. Chaturvedi, Sushil K. Dubey, N. Tabassum, M.P. Singh
The idea of mushroom-based EV technology has shown low cost production results, and is rich in nutrition and effective therapeutic therapy against many diseases. These include high biosynthetic capacity with production of immunomodulatory compounds, and the availability of genetic transformation methods. Not many reports have been distributed on the utilization of edible mushroom as a creation stage for biopharmaceuticals. Among the Pleurotus family, P. eryngii species has been designed to assess its potential for generation of biopharmaceuticals, Interleukin-32.13 Other researcher changed mushroom by an articulation of human development hormone quality (hGH) in P. eryngii.38
Myeloma-derived IL-32γ induced PD-L1 expression in macrophages facilitates immune escape via the PFKFB3-JAK1 axis
Published in OncoImmunology, 2022
Yang Liu, Haimeng Yan, Huiyao Gu, Enfan Zhang, Jingsong He, Wen Cao, Jianwei Qu, Ruyi Xu, Liqin Cao, Donghua He, Jinna Zhang, Yifan Hou, Zhen Cai
Interleukin-32 (IL-32) is a novel cytokine involved in inflammation and cancer development.3 Previous studies have found that patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) overexpressing IL-32 have an advanced International Staging System (ISS) stage, and this process has been associated with the immunosuppression function of macrophages.4–6 In addition, a growing number of studies have highlighted the crucial role of metabolic reprogramming in macrophage phenotype and function.7 Previous studies suggested that lactate secretion by endothelial cells enables macrophages to support the formation of new muscle fibers and further stimulate blood vessel formation.8 Furthermore, tumor-derived hyaluronan fragments can facilitate glycolysis, which fosters immune privilege by promoting programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1) expression in monocytes/macrophages.9 Lauterbach et al reported that after Toll-like Receptor 4 activation, macrophages increase glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle volume, which then promotes histone acetylation that is relevant for gene induction.10 Another important finding demonstrated that enhanced lipid accumulation and metabolism are required for the differentiation and activation of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs).11 In addition, Ferreira et al indicated that dietary glutamine supplementation might potentiate parasite clearance by developing a more effective anti-Leishmania adaptive immune response.12 However, the mechanism through which metabolic reprogramming of macrophages affects their effector functions upon IL-32 stimulation is not well understood.
DNA Methylation of CD70 Promoter in Juvenile Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2022
Mahsa Keshavarz-Fathi, Golshid Sanati, Maryam Sadr, Bahareh Mohebbi, Vahid Ziaee, Nima Rezaei
DNA methylation in JSLE and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) was previously evaluated. Significant hypomethylation of the encoding gene for long interspersed nucleotide element-1 (LINE-1) [18] and interleukin-32 (IL-32) [17] was reported in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of JSLE and in CD4+ T-cells of JIA, respectively. In the current study, we assessed the methylation status of CD70 gene promoter in JSLE, in which there was no significant differences between DNA methylation of CD70 in peripheral blood sample of patients with JSLE and healthy controls.
Recent progress in antibody-based therapeutics for triple-negative breast cancer
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Wen-Jing Ning, Xue Liu, Hong-Ye Zeng, Zhi-Qiang an, Wen-Xin Luo, Ning-Shao Xia
A very important factor for the effective application of CAR-T therapy in solid tumours is the choice of tumour targets [123]. It is best if the target is overexpressed only on the surface of tumour cells and not expressed on normal cells, especially cells of important organs. This factor is especially important because CAR therapy can only be fully activated via recognition of specific antigens, which makes the selection of targets in solid tumours particularly important, and successful selection can effectively combat off-target effects and therapeutic toxicity [124]. Some researchers analysed the immune peptide groups of 6 HLA-A2+ TNBC patients and found that Cofilin-1 (CFL-1), interleukin 32 (IL-32), riboprotein 2 (RPN-2), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)) and syntenin-1 (SDCBP) have potential as therapeutic targets for TNBC [125]. In addition, the receptor tyrosine kinase AXL [126], chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) [127], the receptor tyrosine kinase EGFR [128,129], intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) [130], receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) [131], trophoblast cell surface antigen 2[132], the receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met and many other molecules have also been proven to be excellent TNBC targets. Our team proved that EGFR is significantly overexpressed in TNBC and developed a third-generation CAR-T cell agent targeting EGFR. This agent was shown to activate multiple pathways, including but not limited to the granzyme-perforin-PARP, Fas-FADD-caspase and IFNγ signalling pathways. Furthermore, the survival period of mice in the MDA-MB-231 PDX mouse model was greatly prolonged [133], but some resistance was observed with long-term treatment. Our team members combined THZ1 with the EGFR-targeting CAR-T cells, which significantly reduced the expression of immunosuppressive genes and further inhibited tumour growth and metastasis in the PDX mouse model [134]. Remaining challenges include the highly heterogeneous nature of and low number of infiltrating immune cells in the tumour microenvironment of solid tumours; in addition, reversing immunosuppression to enable immune activation is currently a challenge [135], and solid tumours still have additional challenges such as antigen heterogeneity.