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Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Published in Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat, Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
This is one of the more interesting areas in irritable bowel syndrome research. IBS can present clinically like many other conditions. Specifically, one that often looks similar from a clinical perspective is inflammatory bowel disease. The difference in this terminology, ‘inflammatory’ versus ‘irritable,’ underlines what was considered a fundamental difference between IBS and IBD for years, that of inflammation. Gastroenterologists typically perform a colonoscopy when a patient presents with symptoms consistent with IBD because the inflammation of IBD is very obvious visually (or at least microscopically when biopsies are examined by a pathologist later). IBS, it was traditionally thought, it not characterized by inflammation. Fascinatingly, new research is showing that IBS involves an inflammatory process as well. Inflammatory cell types are seen in increased number in the mucosa of IBS patients compared to healthy controls (Bhattarai, Muniz Pedrogo, and Kashyap 2017). This has shifted researchers’ and doctors’ focus toward inflammatory mechanisms as causes of IBS.
Inflammation, Cell Injury, and Apoptosis
Published in Sami I. Said, Proinflammatory and Antiinflammatory Peptides, 2020
Adriano Giorgio Rossi, Christopher Haslett
Factors that control cessation of inflammatory cell accumulation remain ill defined. A number of in vivo studies have investigated the kinetics of accumulation of radiolabeled inflammatory cells in order to obtain information on the temporal emigration profiles of these cells from the blood to experimentally induced inflamed tissue. For example, in the acutely inflamed skin, lung, or joints, neutrophils accumulate within the first few hours (usually between 30 min and 4 hr), followed by a later, more protracted accumulation of monocytes. It was observed that the neutrophil influx in these acute inflammatory situations ceased remarkably quickly (10–13). In chronic inflammatory models or diseases where there is tissue damage and scarring, neutrophils and macrophages continue to accumulate for several days before resolution occurs (13). The mechanisms responsible for early cessation are obscure, but our study (14) suggests that dissipation of mediators may be a key element.
Pathological Processes of Skin Damage Related to Toxicant Exposure
Published in David W. Hobson, Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TED) — TED is a rare vesiculobullous to ulcerative skin disease characterized microscopically by hydropic degeneration of basilar cells and full-thickness necrosis of the epidermis. Inflammatory cell infiltrates may be sparse.49 Although precise mechanisms have not been established, hypersensitivity reactions to various pharmaceuticals probably contribute to this dermatologic disease.50
Device safety assessment of bronchoscopic microwave ablation of normal swine peripheral lung using robotic-assisted bronchoscopy
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2023
Hector De Leon, Kevin Royalty, Louie Mingione, David Jaekel, Sarvesh Periyasamy, David Wilson, Paul Laeseke, William C. Stoffregen, Tim Muench, John P. Matonick, Grzegorz L. Kaluza, Gustavo Cipolla
Mild to moderate alveolar edema was common in ablation sites of the three experimental groups, whereas varying degrees of inflammation were observed in 3- and 30-Day MWA sites. The primary inflammatory cell types involved in the subacute, 3-Day group were neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages, whereas lymphocytes represented a prominent cell type in 30-Day ablation sites. The presence of lymphocytic foci within the organizing granulomas at the ablation treatment site of 30-Day animals suggests that a model-specific chronic immune response may have been triggered by thermal ablation. The local tissue-destruction capacity of microwave energy and the subsequent host immune response may be similar to the effects of RFA on the immune system, including the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines to the general circulation [55]. In our study, it is uncertain whether the pulmonary granulomatous lesions in and around the MWA sites of 30-Day swine were exacerbations of a preexisting asymptomatic respiratory infection or the result of infections triggered by the RAB MWA procedure with subsequent involvement of secondary pathogens.
Comprehensive Assessment of Inflammatory Indices to Predict Outcomes in Acute Pancreatitis
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2023
Bhavana Tiwari, Ankur Sharma, Vishesh Vashishtha
At different points in the clinical course, the degree of variability observed in different cell counts may not be comparable. For example, with the progression of SAP, worsening thrombocytopenia may result in a reduction in the SII. Parallelly, with an increase in systemic inflammation, there may be a rise in neutrophil count, a fall in lymphocyte count, and a consequent rise in the SII. This leads to a paradoxical rise and fall in the SII simultaneously due to the conflicting directional changes in the component cell counts. Previous studies have reported the importance of recording the kinetics, or dynamic changes during the clinical course, of various inflammatory cell counts [7, 8]. An analysis of the dynamic changes in the SII and SIRI, resulting from clinical improvement or worsening, duration of hospital stays, type of therapy received, and any comorbid conditions will be important areas of future research.
Prognostic value of systemic inflammatory response index in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Kangning Han, Dongmei Shi, Lixia Yang, Zhijian Wang, Yueping Li, Fei Gao, Yuyang Liu, Xiaoteng Ma, Yujie Zhou
As a reflection of inflammation, peripheral blood inflammatory cell count and its derived indicators are now widely used in clinical practice. These indicators are considered to be inexpensive and easily accessible biomarkers that are associated with increased risk of CAD [8,9], stroke [10], and overall death [11]. For example, studies have found that neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio have strong predictive roles [12–14]. Recently, a novel indicator has emerged called the systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI). SIRI is a composite index based on the absolute count of three different inflammatory cells, namely, neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes, and it is highly associated with cancer, hyperuricaemia, rheumatoid arthritis, and stroke [15–18]. Elevated SIRI values are related to an increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and overall death [19]. However, whether SIRI is an independent risk factor for adverse prognosis in patients with ACS is still unknown. Here, we investigated the prognostic value of SIRI in ACS patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).