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Aetiology and Laboratory Diagnosis
Published in Raimo E Suhonen, Rodney P R Dawber, David H Ellis, Fungal Infections of the Skin, Hair and Nails, 2020
Raimo E Suhonen, Rodney P R Dawber, David H Ellis
Candida krusei is regularly associated with some forms of infant diarrhoea and occasionally with systemic disease. It has also been reported to colonise the gastrointestinal, respiratory and urinary tracts of patients with granulocytopenia. Environmental isolations have been made from beer, milk products, skin, faeces of animals and birds and pickle brine.
The Hematologic System and its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
White blood cells may also increase or decrease in number. Neutropenia is a reduction in the number of neutrophils in the blood. It occurs in a wide variety of diseases, including certain hereditary defects, aplastic anemia, bone marrow tumors, and acute leukemias. Granulocytopenia is a more general term describing a reduction in the number of granulocytes (leukocytes), including neutrophils. Agranulocytosis applies to diminished or absent granulocyte production, essentially the same disorder. Whichever term applies, granulocytopenic conditions all result in increased susceptibility to bacterial infection and mucous membrane ulcerations,: usually in relation to the degree of the deficiency.
Host Defense I: Non-specific Immunity
Published in Constantin A. Bona, Francisco A. Bonilla, Textbook of Immunology, 2019
Constantin A. Bona, Francisco A. Bonilla
The number of granulocytes in the blood of healthy individuals fluctuates between 2–9,000/mm3. Levels may increase during infection or injury (such as a burn), or may decrease in other situations (e.g., virus or drug-induced bone marrow suppression). A decreased number of circulating leukocytes is called leukopenia, while a decrease in granulocytes is granulocytopenia. Lack of neutrophils is neutropenia, and complete absence of granulocytes from blood and bone marrow is agranulocytosis. Individuals with neutropenia often have increased susceptibility to infections with pyogenic bacteria. Several genetic defects may result in granulocytopenia.
Recurrent Infections and Immunodeficiency Caused by Severe Pancytopenia Associated with a Novel Life-Threatening Mutation in Hypoxia-Upregulated Protein 1
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2022
Hossein Jafari Khamirani, Mehdi Dianatpour, Sina Zoghi, Sanaz Mohammadi, Ashkan Habib, Seyed Alireza Dastgheib, Seyed Mohammad Bagher Tabei, Mohadeseh Molayemat, Babak Shirazi Yeganeh
HYOU1 is involved in immunomodulation by preventing apoptosis in macrophages and neutrophils (Haapaniemi et al. 2017; Hauck and Klein 2013; Li et al. 2019; Pagare et al. 2018; Rao et al. 2021), acting as immune stimulation adjuvant (Zuo et al. 2016), and participating in cross presentation with MHC-1 molecules (Wang et al. 2014). In the conducted study by Haapaniemi et al., mild leukopenia, microcytic anemia, and fluctuating thrombocytopenia were demonstrated. Episodes of severe granulocytopenia were recorded since 3 years of age. Laboratory results revealed myeloid maturation arrest improved with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), poor neutrophil chemotaxis, and low number of plasmacytoid and monocytoid dendritic cells with low CD86 expression, affecting antigen presentation. While, T-cell count was normal, and B-cell number was very low. In our study, the proband developed severe leukopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia at 3 months of age.
Comparison of first line chemotherapy regimens for advanced soft tissue sarcoma: a network meta-analysis
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2021
Qingling Hua, Guojie Xu, Lei Zhao, Tao Zhang
Only severe toxicity(grade3-4) were included in our study. Hematological toxiciteis were common in the included studies. Toxicity data about anemia, granulocytopenia/neutropenia and thrombocytopenia were reported in most trials(18, 21 and 20 studies respectively). After excluding the unconnected regimens, the remaining treatments were included to establish consistency models. No significant inconsistency was detected. The incidences of anemia and thrombocytopenia were similar in patients received these regimens included in models. Four regimens (pegtlated liposomal doxorubicin, brostallicin, docetaxel, doxorubicin plus evofosfamide) have less granulocytopenia/neutropenia events compared with doxorubicin. The remaining regimens have similar incidence of granulocytopenia/neutropenia compared with doxorubicin. Pegtlated liposomal doxorubicin was considered as the best regimen with least granulocytopenia/neutropenia events with probability of 92.6%. The incidence of granulocytopenia/neutropenia of aldoxorubicin was not reported. Aldoxorubicin has similar incidence of anemia and thrombocytopenia compared with doxorubicin. The incidence of anemia, granulocytopenia/neutropenia and thrombocytopenia for EC compared with doxorubicin were 37.2% vs13.8%, 100% vs 31.4% and 75.8% vs 5.6% respectively.
Is it time to reconsider prophylactic antimicrobial use for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation? a narrative review of antimicrobials in stem cell transplantation
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Dilshad Jahan, Ed Peile, Md Arif Sheikh, Salequl Islam, Sharlene Parasnath, Paras Sharma, Katia Iskandar, Sameer Dhingra, Jaykaran Charan, Timothy Craig Hardcastle, Nandeeta Samad, Tajkera Sultana Chowdhury, Siddhartha Dutta, Mainul Haque
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is defined as a process that instills healthy blood-forming stem cells into the body to replace damaged or diseased bone marrow [1,2]. HSCT includes Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cord Blood Transplantation, and Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation. Transplantation is necessary for several clinical entities, especially hematological cancers and congenital or acquired diseases of the hematopoietic system. HSCT is also used to treat certain solid cancers, autoimmune, and genetic-linked metabolic diseases [1,3]. These hematological diseases include ‘acute leukemia, chronic leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, multiple myeloma, plasma cell disorders, poems syndrome, primary amyloidosis, aplastic anemia, bone marrow failure syndromes, hemoglobinopathies, immune deficiencies, inborn errors of metabolism, neuroblastoma, adrenoleukodystrophy’ [1]. Before BMT, the patient undergoes chemotherapy and total body irradiation to target the cancer cells [4]. Cancer chemotherapy causes deep granulocytopenia and granulocytopenic fever. This immunocompromise frequently increases the potential for infection among these patients [5,6]. Neutropenia is a prominent issue for BMT. Consequently, prophylactic utilization of antimicrobials for transplant patients became standard practice worldwide for thirty years [7].