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Thermal Imaging for Arthritis Evaluation in a Small Animal Model
Published in U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer, Artificial Intelligence-Based Infrared Thermal Image Processing and Its Applications, 2023
U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer
Earlier researchers have proved that the animal model has served as a valuable tool to detect the progression of arthritis disease characteristics. The evaluations of pathogenesis and inflammatory arthritis in animal models and anti-arthritic drug development for arthritis treatment have been reported by Bendele. Among the various adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA), the Complete Freund Adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis model resembles the features of arthritis and is used as the best model for the evaluation of chronic inflammation in arthritis.
Dialyzable and Nondialyzable Transfer Factor
Published in Edward P. Cohen, A. Arthur Gottlieb, Immune RNA, 2020
TFd does not appear to be immunogenic. This is based primarily on the failure of repeated injections of human TFd into human recipients to cause any observable allergic reaction. TFd emulsified with complete Freunds’ adjuvant was found to cause the production of two antibodies in rabbits, detectable by immunoelectrophoresis.7 It is not known if the antibodies are directed against that moiety which transfers donor-specific hypersensitivity, but they may well be of value in further purification studies of TFd.
General Principles
Published in E. George Elias, CRC Handbook of Surgical Oncology, 2020
Cancer immunotherapy can be classified to active and passive immunizations. Each of those can be reclassified into tumor specific or tumor nonspecific types. While active immunization requires, in general, a relatively intact immune system to stimulate, passive immunization does not. In addition, active immunization lasts much longer than the passive one. Tumor nonspecific active immunotherapy includes: (1) immune stimulators such as bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), methanol extract residue of BCG (MER), Corynebacterium parvum, interferon, and others and (2) immuno-reconstitutors such as levamisole and thymosin. Passive tumor nonspecific immunotherapy consists of the transfer of cellular immunity by the transfer of immunocompetent cells or the immunological component of the cells, such as Lawrence transfer factor. Similarly, and theoretically, humoral transfer can also be established via plasma (containing the antibodies) transfusion. On the other hand, tumor specific active immunotherapy can be achieved by utilizing live autologous tumor cells that have been attenuated by irradiation or treated by mitomycin-C, or by utilizing TAA. These should be mixed with BCG or complete Freund adjuvant, at least initially, and administered repeatedly intradermally. Tumor-specific passive immunotherapy consists of the transfer of immune competent materials (cellular or humoral) to a recipient with low tumor load, if a sensitized donor is found. Monoclonal antibodies are very tumor specific, but have no ability to kill, and several methods are being investigated to enable them to destroy the tumor cells on contact.
Dissolving microneedle patch-assisted transdermal delivery of methotrexate improve the therapeutic efficacy of rheumatoid arthritis
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Weiman Zhao, Lijie Zheng, Jianhui Yang, Zihui Ma, Xinyi Tao, Qingqing Wang
AIA model was established to evaluate the therapeutic potency of MTX-DMNs in vivo. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin was thoroughly ground with the sterile liquid paraffin to produce complete Freund adjuvant (CFA, 10 mg/mL). The rats were injected subcutaneously at the right hind paw with 80 μL of CFA to build AIA model on day 0. On day 21, the successful modeling of rats was randomly divided into four groups: model group, MTX cream group, MTX oral administration group, and MTX-loaded DMNPs group. Normal rats without induced by CFA were put in normal group (n = 6). The drug groups were administrated MTX (0.2 mg) at different formulations every there days for seven times. DMNPs were inserted into the prepared hairless skin of thigh by thumb and immobilized for 30 min by medical tape to ensure the complete dissolution of needles.
Diminished LAG3+ B cells correlate with exacerbated rheumatoid arthritis
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Suiyuan Hu, Yuting Tao, Fanlei Hu, Xu Liu
For arthritis induction, DBA/1 mice were immunized at the base of the tail with the emulsion of 200 μg bovine type II collagen in complete Freund adjuvant (CFA) on day 1. On day 21, the emulsion of 100 μg bovine type II collagen in incomplete Freund adjuvant (IFA) was injected at the same site as disease induction. The severity of arthritis was scored based on the level of inflammation in each of the four paws and recorded as one of four grades: 0, normal; 1, erythema and swelling of one or several digits; 2, erythema and moderate swelling extending from the ankle to the mid-foot (tarsals); 3, erythema and severe swelling extending from the ankle to the metatarsal joints; and 4, complete erythema and swelling encompassing the ankle, foot, and digits, resulting in deformity and/or ankyloses. The scores of all four limbs were summed, yielding a total score of 0–16 per mouse.
64Cu-ATSM and 99mTc(CO)3-DCM20 potential in the early detection of rheumatoid arthritis
Published in Modern Rheumatology, 2021
Trang Thuy Dam, Hirofumi Hanaoka, Takahito Nakajima, Aiko Yamaguchi, Koichi Okamura, Hirotaka Chikuda, Yoshito Tsushima
The CIA mouse model was generated by a single immunization, as described previously [27,28]. In brief, bovine type II collagen (CII, Chondrex, Inc., Redmond, WA) was emulsified with an equal volume of complete Freund adjuvant (CFA, Chondrex, Inc.) using an electronic homogenizer. An aliquot of 50–100 µL emulsion was injected into the mice subcutaneously at the base of the tail. Mice were used at 5 weeks following injection of the emulsion. The clinical severity of arthritis in each paw was visually assessed according to the following scoring system according to the following scoring system described by Chondrex, Inc.: score 0, normal; score 1, mild but definite redness and swelling of the ankle or wrist, or limited to individual digits; score 2, moderate redness and swelling of ankle or wrist; score 3, severe redness and swelling of the entire paw including digits; and score 4, maximally inflamed limb with involvement of multiple joints. The representative images for clinical arthritic scores of CIA mice are shown in the Supplementary Figure S1. The arthritic score for forepaw and hindpaw was defined as the sum of the right and left paw score. Naïve mice were used as controls.