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Order Blubervirales: Surface Protein
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
Later, Juarez et al. (2012) generated a novel prospective therapeutic vaccine against HPV. The chimeric HBs particles were composed of the SHBs molecules flanked their N-terminus by chemokine CC ligand 19/macrophage inflammatory protein-3β (CCL19/MIP-3β), and at the C-terminus by interleukin 2 (IL-2) and an artificial HPV16 E7 polytope encompassing aa 11–20 and 82–90. Both CCL19 and IL-2 conserved their functionality within the chimeric particles. This protein mounted specific T cell responses against E7 after immunization of transgenic mice with the corresponding plasmid, prevented the development of tumors after implantation of the appropriate tumor cell line, and demonstrated therefore definite potential of therapeutic value in the treatment of patients suffering from cervical precancer or cancer lesions caused by the high-risk HPVs (Juarez et al. 2012).
Basics of Allergy
Published in Pudupakkam K Vedanthan, Harold S Nelson, Shripad N Agashe, PA Mahesh, Rohit Katial, Textbook of Allergy for the Clinician, 2021
Rafeul Alam, Dipa K Sheth, Magdalena M Gorska
In order to increase the probability of antigen encounter, lymphocytes continuously circulate across various tissues. Naïve T and B cells preferentially migrate to lymph nodes due to homing receptors L-selectin and CCR7 (Moser and Loetscher 2001). Their ligands, CCL19 and CCL21 are expressed on High Endothelial Venules (HEV) of lymph nodes.
Role of dendritic cells in integrating immune responses to luminal antigens
Published in Phillip D. Smith, Richard S. Blumberg, Thomas T. MacDonald, Principles of Mucosal Immunology, 2020
Brian L. Kelsall, Maria Rescigno
cDC2 cells in the SED express low levels of CD103, and low to intermediate levels of CD11b, which increases with cell maturation. PP cDC2 cells express high levels of CCR6 and CCR1, which mediate the cells’ localization in the SED in response to CCL20 and CCL9 expressed by the FAE and cells in the SED matrix. cDC2s form clusters with T cells in the SED, where they may activate naïve T cells in response to bacteria and TLR ligands. cDC2s then migrate to the T-cell zone (interfollicular region, IFR) after a switch in chemokine receptor expression to CCR7, which directs migration to the CCR7 ligands CCL19 and CCL21 constitutively expressed in the T-cell–rich IFR. Activation of cDC2 in the intestinal villi located between follicles also results in their migration to the IRF, the functional meaning of which is not yet clear.
Improving therapeutic resistance: beginning with targeting the tumor microenvironment
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2022
Xiao-ying Guan, Xiao-li Guan, Zuo-yi Jiao
Another important cellular component of the TME is tumor-associated endothelial cells (TECs). TECs directly affect the progression of cancer through angiocrine and paracrine signalling [13]. TECs differ from normal endothelial cells in terms of migration, responses to chemotherapeutic drugs and growth factors (EGF, VEGF) [14]. Furthermore, TECs are associated with increased cell migration and proliferation capacity and are more sensitive to pro-angiogenic factors such as VEGF, thereby promoting tumor angiogenesis [15]. New blood vessels provide tumors with oxygen, nutrients, and waste disposal and promote the intravasation of cancer cells, which is also a way by which cancer cells metastasize. CCL19 and CCL21 produced by TECs are involved in the chemotaxis of tumor cells to blood vessels. After entering the blood vessels, tumor cells participate in circulation and form a pre-metastatic niche [16].
Prospects of cell chemotactic factors in bone and cartilage tissue engineering
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2022
Ke Chen, Hui Gao, Yongchang Yao
In addition to the above chemokines, various kinds of CCFs, such as macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP) and CCL19 (also known as ELC) in the CC chemokine subfamily, CXCL10 (also known as IP-10) and CXCL9 (also known as MIG) in the CXC chemokine subfamily, CX3CL1 (also known as Fractalkine) in the CX3C chemokine subfamily, have been applied to various diseases, especially inflammatory diseases and tumor diseases. MIP plays a significant role in antitumor by recruiting relevant immune cells [120]. MIP-3 has also been reported to have a potential role in cartilage regeneration [92]. CCL19 has shown diverse antitumor effects. For example, CCL19 has been shown to inhibit gastric cancer cell growth and behavior via the CCL19/CCR7/AIM2 pathway but had an important role in enhancing breast cancer progression through the AKT pathway [121,122]. The CXCL9/CXCR3 axis has been reported to increase the migration of MSCs across the endothelium, which provides a new therapeutic target for related inflammatory diseases or tissue regenerative diseases [123].
The Important Role of the Chemokine Axis CCR7-CCL19 and CCR7-CCL21 in the Pathophysiology of the Immuno-inflammatory Response in Dry Eye Disease
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2021
Ting Wang, Weihua Li, Huanhuan Cheng, Lei Zhong, Juan Deng, Shiqi Ling
Although immunopathogenesis is one of the most important mechanisms of DED, it remains poorly understood.32,33 The transfer of antigens from ocular surfaces to secondary lymph nodes requires three processes. First, mature DCs with antigens migrate to a lymphatic vessel. Second, the DCs pass through the gaps between lymphatic endothelial cells to enter the lymphatic vessel. Third, the DCs with antigens follow the lymphatic flow to the lymph nodes. Thus, DC migration to lymphatic vessels is the first essential step of the immune response. However, no literature describing the first step of immunopathogenesis in DED is currently available. Therefore, we explored how DCs with antigens migrate from the cornea to lymphatic vessels and focused on whether the CCR7-CCL19/CCL21 chemokine axis affects this step. In our results, we found CCR7 expressed in and around lymphatic vessels, and CCR7 colocalized with both CCL21 and CCL19. In the normal corneas, only a few CCR7-positive cells were found, and no lymphatic vessels or CCL19 or CCL21 expression was observed. These results implied that both the CCR7-CCL19 and CCR7-CCL21 chemokine axis may affect the migration of DCs to lymphatic vessels in DED.