China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Paediatric and neonatal transfusions
Published in Jennifer Duguid, Lawrence Tim Goodnough, Michael J. Desmond, Transfusion Medicine in Practice, 2020
Long-term sequelae of blood transfusion have been tragic where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) was inadvertently transmitted,3–8 donor screening has reduced but not completely eliminated these risks in developed countries,9 but these risks vary and may be higher in other parts of the world.10–15 In all cases, clinicians should think carefully whether there are alternatives to transfusion. It is clear that in high-risk areas, strict attention to defining criteria for transfusion can reduce the risks of transfusion-transmitted infections.16–20 These are important lessons from which we can learn.
Haemostasis: Normal Physiology, Disorders of Haemostasis and Thrombosis
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Louise Jayne Clark, Adam J Donne, R James A England, Hisham M Mehanna, Gerald William McGarry, Sean Carrie, Basic Sciences Endocrine Surgery Rhinology, 2018
Elizabeth Jones, Russell David Keenan
Platelets are suspended in patient plasma, either apheresis units from one donor or pooled units from a few donors. Each unit is approximately 250 ml and they are stored at 22 °C. They are therefore a higher risk for bacterial transfusion transmitted infection. Usually used as one adult dose, more may be required in order to gain an appropriate increment for surgery. They are useful in major haemorrhage, platelet dysfunction and bone marrow failure; but are generally not indicated in ITP or TTP, except with life-threatening bleeding. They are generally administered over 15–30 minutes.
Transfusion therapy in injured children
Published in David E. Wesson, Bindi Naik-Mathuria, Pediatric Trauma, 2017
The practice of transfusion medicine has evolved over the years as we develop a deeper understanding of the effects of anemia, how particular patients tolerate anemia, coagulation, and the risks associated with transfusion. At first, the utility of transfusion was limited by both our understanding of the ABO system and red blood cell (RBC) antigens, leading to both acute and delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions. In addition, blood was collected from unscreened donors and carried a much greater risk for the development of transfusion-transmitted infections including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and human T-cell lymphotropic virus. Today, our knowledge of these systems and enhanced testing methods for infection allow us to transfuse patients more safely. However, emerging infections such as West Nile virus, Zika virus, and the risk of prion disease still threaten our blood supply. Transfusion of blood products is also still associated with a number of adverse reactions including acute and delayed hemolysis, transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO), and transfusion-related immunomodulation. Clinicians should therefore remain mindful that transfusion is not without risk and should only occur in the appropriate setting.
Irradiation of platelets in transfusion medicine: risk and benefit judgments
Published in Platelets, 2022
Ehteramolsadat Hosseini, Fatemeh Kianinodeh, Mehran Ghasemzadeh
Similar to other methods, PRT has its advantages, risks, and limitations. Significant reduction of transfusion-transmitted infections is an important advantage of these techniques. This can provide protection against a broad spectrum of infectious agents, particularly pathogens that stay undetectable due to the window period, chronic viremia, and lack of appropriate screening assays [30]. In addition, PRT treatment can effectively reduce the risk of TA-GvHD by inactivating lymphocytes, ruling out the need for gamma irradiation [31]. It may also reduce leukocyte-induced immune reactions, including transfusion-related immunomodulation, allo-immunization against HLA, and FNHTR [19,32]. Furthermore, there is no need to perform some extra serologic testing such as CMV screening, possible elimination of restricted travel- or risk-related donation deferrals, and the possibility of increasing PCs shelf-life (from 5 to 7 days) due to lower risk of bacterial contamination may also be considered as other potential advantages of PRT [27,30,32–34].
Detection of Neoehrlichia mikurensis DNA in blood donors in southeastern Sweden
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2022
Lisa Labbé Sandelin, Jenny Olofsson, Conny Tolf, Louise Rohlén, Lars Brudin, Ivar Tjernberg, Per-Eric Lindgren, Björn Olsen, Jonas Waldenström
Blood-transfusion is an important treatment in many medical conditions but involves a risk of transmitting infections from donor to recipient [1,2]. Transfusion-transmitted infections (TTI) involve several pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and prions [2]. HIV and hepatitis B and C are well-known TTIs. The prerequisites for a TTI are that the pathogen is blood-borne, survives processing and storage of the blood product, remains infectious by the intravenous route, and causes disease in at least some of the transfusion recipients [1,3,4]. In addition, there must be an asymptomatic, infectious phase in the blood donor, since donors with infectious symptoms are excluded from donation [1,5].
Transfusion-dependent beta thalassemia in Afghanistan: current evidence amid COVID-19 and future recommendations
Published in Hematology, 2021
Shohra Qaderi, Sayed Hamid Mousavi, Attaullah Ahmadi, Shamim Arif, Shekiba Madadi, Sohrab Ayoubi, Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno
Transfusion-transmitted infections, including viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections, are major risks associated with regular blood transfusion. Thus, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends screening for HIV, HBV, HCV, and Syphilis of all donated blood [9]. However, most of thalassemia patients have limited access to regular and safe blood transfusions in Afghanistan. When blood is ready, there is no widely available screening test for the blood to ensure there is no sign of HBV, HSV, and HIV infection. The dilemma of screening test shortages puts the patients at risk of contracting these infectious diseases.