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Experimental Arthritis
Published in Thomas F. Kresina, Monoclonal Antibodies, Cytokines, and Arthritis, 2020
Wim B. van den Berg, Maries F. van den Broek, Levinus B. A. van de Putte, Mieke C. J. van Bruggen, Peter L. E. M. van Lent
Therapy should be focused on abrogation of local hyperreactivity. One approach is to specifically downregulate local T cell immunity, either by specific antigen treatment or T cell vaccination (50), in the hope of achieving tolerance. Experiments to modulate immunity were successful when treatment was started either before or in the active phase of generation of immunity. The present experiments illustrate that late treatment could cause exacerbations as well. Other promising approaches are to block T cell influx. Detailed knowledge of homing receptors would probably provide new tools. Moreover, elegant studies have demonstrated that various heparine derivatives, lacking anticlotting activity, could suppress adjuvant arthritis, probably also by interference with T cell influx (51).
Adhesion Pathways Controlling Recruitment Responses of Lymphocytes During Allergic Inflammatory Reactions In Vivo
Published in Bruce S. Bochner, Adhesion Molecules in Allergic Disease, 2020
Donald Y. M. Leung, Louis J. Picker
An important concept in T lymphocyte homing/recirculation physiology relates to the differential distribution of virgin as opposed to memory/effector T cells to secondary lymphoid tissues such as Peyer’s patches, tonsil, spleen versus extralymphoid sites (e.g., the skin, intestinal lamina propria, or pulmonary interstitium) (4–8). As a rule, virgin T cells are programmed to home selectively to secondary lymphoid tissues that are involved in the antigen-induced activation and differentiation of this lymphocyte subset. Virgin T cells do not show significant heterogeneity in their capacity to migrate to the various types of secondary lymphoid tissue, nor do they migrate with any degree of efficiency to extralymphoid sites. Memory T cells, however, have markedly different homing capabilities. First, memory T cells have the ability to access extralymphoid tissues, and indeed, these cells constitute the large majority of T lymphocytes within these tissue sites. Second, in contrast to virgin T cells, memory T lymphocytes, as indicated above, are heterogeneous in their ability to localize, and thus form subsets with tissue-selective, homing behavior (4–7). The best-defined homing specificities are to mucosal versus peripheral sites (e.g., the intestinal tract versus peripheral lymph nodes and skin) (4), but indirect evidence suggests other homing specificities to tissues such as the lung and joints (9,10).
Growth Requirements, Binding and Migration of Human Natural Killer Cells
Published in Ronald H. Goldfarb, Theresa L. Whiteside, Tumor Immunology and Cancer Therapy, 2020
Tuomo Timonen, Juha Jääskeläinen, Anna Mäenpää, Tuula Helander, Anatoly Malygin, Panu Kovanen
The changes in the adhesion molecule profile of NK cells after the incubation with IL-2 probably profoundly affect their distribution characteristics in vivo. This may be important in the immunotherapy of cancer by cytokines. The major problem in these treatments is the side effects that at least partially may be caused by undesired homing of activated cells to normal tissues. It will be of interest to study which adhesion molecules are involved in the binding of NK cells to normal and malignant tissues. If differences exist, an obvious goal would be to reduce the undesired binding and homing.
Cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19: a major mechanism of morbidity and mortality
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2022
Yifan Que, Chao Hu, Kun Wan, Peng Hu, Runsheng Wang, Jiang Luo, Tianzhi Li, Rongyu Ping, Qinyong Hu, Yu Sun, Xudong Wu, Lei Tu, Yingzhen Du, Christopher Chang, Guogang Xu
SARS, MERS and COVID-19 may possess certain common features that lead to CRS and greater morbidity and even mortality. Monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells are part of the first line of defense after initial exposure to antigens, and they accumulate at sites of early infection. However, immune cells containing viral particles may migrate to other organs and tissues, a concept known as homing. The widespread infiltration of innate immune cells during early viral exposure is followed by increased T cell expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. CRS, a result of excessive cytokines and chemokines, is characterized by leakage of plasma, increased vascular permeability, diffuse intravascular coagulation (DIC) and immunodeficiency, facilitating spread of the virus and an even further inflammatory response in the manner of vicious cycle [14]. Multiple in vivo studies have detected an increased level of lymphocyte apoptosis in these diseases [2, 3]. The hyperactivity of T lymphocytes may also result in T-cell exhaustion, which is consistent with the observation of lymphopenia in many patients with severe COVID-19.
Engineering mesenchymal stem cells: a novel therapeutic approach in breast cancer
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2020
Razieh Heidari, Neda Gholamian Dehkordi, Roohollah Mohseni, Mohsen Safaei
Nanotechnology has exhibited high potential for the detection, prevention, and treatment of cancer. An excellent strategy for drug delivery systems via nanoparticulate is Tumour-targeted delivery, enabling that therapeutic factors to selectively targeting tumour cells/tissues and decreasing toxicity to normal cells [74,75]. Nanotechnology recently proposes new solutions in cancer therapy via providing the engineered nanomedicines and can resolve the problems of drug instability, solubility, and low circulation half-life, and can co-deliver various drugs, particularly to the target site [74]. To overcome these purposes, targeted drug delivery employing nanoengineered cells with cancer homing ability has emerged as a useful strategy. Due to the tumour tropism, integration in the tumour stroma, and their immune-excellent nature, MSCs can be utilised as a delivery vehicle for therapeutic and imaging factors, such as drug-conjugated nanoparticles [76].
Cell-mediated targeting drugs delivery systems
Published in Drug Delivery, 2020
Hongli Yu, Zhihong Yang, Fei Li, Lisa Xu, Yong Sun
There are various natural targeting processes within the human body. Many circulating cells have the ability to target diseases such as cancer, wounds, and ischemic tissues. For example, as a first-line defender, leukocytes can quickly migrate into infected tissues with lipogenic pathogens. In addition, tumor homing is also one of the targeting mechanisms of living cells. These have stimulated researchers’ interest in targeting strategies using natural or genetically engineered cells as specific sites. Although cell-based targeting is still in the early stages of development, it has advantages such as high specificity and versatility compared to traditional strategies. Depending on the nature of the therapeutic agent and the intended applications, the therapeutic agent can be coupled to the cell surface or encapsulated within the cell.