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Genetic Manipulation of Human Marrow: Gene Transfer Using Retroviruses
Published in Adrian P. Gee, BONE MARROW PROCESSING and PURGING, 2020
Philip Hughes, R. Keith Humphries
There are a number of advantages in using the hematopoietic system for such studies. Its well-characterized, multilineage hierarchy, consisting of cells with a wide range of proliferative capacities, as well as some cells with self-renewal potential, provides a unique experimental model to study differentiation and development. The cells are easily available, transplantation protocols have been well worked out, and in vitro assays are available for progenitor cells. Many genes for putative control elements such as growth factors, growth factor receptors, and oncogenes have been cloned and are available. Finally, a wide range of disorders can be considered as candidates for therapy by gene transfer strategies targeted to transplantable bone marrow cells. Sickle cell anemia and thalassemias are two obvious examples, as are a number of other inherited disorders manifested principally in hemopoietic tissue. Of interest, and perhaps in the long-term of even greater impact, is the possibility of using genes to treat hematologic malignancies or persisting viral infections such as HIV.
The Hematologic System and its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Both bone marrow and lymphatic tissue can be biopsied for evaluation of cell production, but the majority of diagnostic procedures applicable to the hematopoietic system take place in the laboratory. The primary tissue for evaluation is the blood itself.
Embryonic and Fetal Erythropoiesis
Published in Stephen A. Feig, Melvin H. Freedman, Clinical Disorders and Experimental Models of Erythropoietic Failure, 2019
D. Wade Clapp, Kevin M. Shannon
The hematopoietic system in humans and other mammals is characterized by developmental changes in the anatomical site of blood cell formation. Blood cell formation occurs sequentially in the yolk sac, fetal liver and spleen, and bone marrow. The differentiated cells produced in each hematopoietic organ differ in terms of their physical size, composition and pattern of gene expression (see Section III. D). It is unclear whether the differences in differentiated blood cell production are the result of unique stromal-stem cells interactions or if the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells undergo independent programmatic changes during development. These issues as well as questions regarding hematopoietic stem cell migration are topics of ongoing investigation.
Retrospective study of risk factors for pericardial effusion after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children
Published in Hematology, 2023
Ke Tong, Yan Meng, Luying Zhang, Xiaoying Lei, Xianmin Guan, Li Xiao, Jie Yu, Ying Dou
A total of 452 children with HSCT were enrolled, namely, 307 males (68%) and 145 females (32%). The median age at transplantation was 3.4 (1.8-6.5) years. There were 253 patients (56%) with haematopoietic system diseases (including leukaemia, aplastic anaemia, severe thalassemia, and myelodysplastic syndrome), 180 patients (40%) with primary immunodeficiency diseases, 14 patients (3%) with lymphoid system diseases (including various lymphoid tumors, haemophagocytic syndrome, and lymphoproliferative diseases), and 5 patients (1%) with solid tumors (including neuroblastoma and pinealoblastoma). There were 444 patients (98%) who underwent allogeneic HSCT and 8 patients (2%) who underwent autologous HSCT. There were 216 patients (48%) with matched HLAs and 236 patients (52%) with mismatched HLAs. Regarding the stem cell source, 427 patients (94.4%) received peripheral blood, 3 (0.7%) received bone marrow, 15 (3.3%) received cord blood, 3 (0.7%) received peripheral blood and cord blood, and 4 (0.9%) received bone marrow and cord blood. The characteristics of the study patients are summarized in Table 1.
Gene expression profiles and cytokine environments determine the in vitro proliferation and expansion capacities of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells
Published in Hematology, 2022
Roberto Dircio-Maldonado, Rosario Castro-Oropeza, Patricia Flores-Guzman, Alberto Cedro-Tanda, Fredy Omar Beltran-Anaya, Alfredo Hidalgo-Miranda, Hector Mayani
Blood cell production (hematopoiesis) is a complex and tightly regulated process that involves different cell types and a variety of molecular regulators [1,2]. The hematopoietic system can be viewed as a hierarchy of different cellular compartments, from self-renewing multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to mature non-dividing circulating blood cells of different lineages. Intermediate compartments include multipotent, oligopotent, bipotent, and monopotent progenitors (HPCs), as well as morphologically recognizable precursor cells [3]. The HSC compartment corresponds to <0.05% of bone marrow cells and consists of different subpopulations of self-renewing cells expressing cell surface markers CD34, CD49f, CD90, CD117 and CD133 [4,5]. HPCs, on the other hand, correspond to 0.1–0.5% of bone marrow cells; they are unable to self-renew but possess high/intermediate proliferation potentials and are capable of forming colonies in semisolid cultures. They express variable levels of CD34, CD38, and CD45RA, and acquire lineage-specific antigens depending on their commitment to particular cell lineages [3].
An extensive review of experimental ochratoxicosis in poultry: II. Hemato-biochemical and immunological alterations along with other health issues
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Anemia is a condition characterized by reduced erythrocytic and leukocytic counts accompanied by reduced hematocrit and hemoglobin values below the known reference values for a specific specie in the peripheral blood. Experiment conducted by Huff et al. (1988) on broilers show that OTA administration results in anemia together with reduced RBC count and hemoglobin concentration. These alterations are probably related to suppression of hematopoiesis coupled with suppressed iron absorption (Abidin et al.2013). It also causes suppression of hematopoiesis along with production of lesions in hematopoietic system. It causes immunosuppressive effects in bursa, thymus and spleen accompanied by myelotoxicity (Bennett and Klich 2003) resulting in a decreased RBCs production, lymphopenia and leukopenia in broilers (Corrier 1990). Nephrotoxicity is also a reason for the suppressed erythropoietin formation (Agawane and Lonkar 2004). Both heterophils and monocytes significantly increases in OTA treated groups when compared with untreated groups (Moura et al.2004). In broilers, OTA ingestion also results in myelotoxicity and neutropenic leucopenia (Chang et al.1979, Corrier 1991). OTA associated hematological alterations in poultry have been mentioned in Table 1.