China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Diabetes
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
The amount of glucose in the blood can be checked by a finger-prick of blood transferred to a small card strip which is inserted into a glucose meter. The meter displays the result on the screen. Alternatively, there are continuous glucose-monitoring systems which involve the long-term insertion of a sensor into the body. It picks up the glucose levels in the interstitial fluid in and around the body’s cells. In healthcare settings a HbA1c blood test may be taken; the result indicates the average blood glucose level over time.In the context of diabetes, we are concerned with the total amount of digestible carbohydrate that is eaten.
Urinary
Published in Keith Hopcroft, Vincent Forte, Symptom Sorter, 2020
SMALL PRINT: Cystoscopy, urodynamic studies, ultrasound, water deprivation test. Urinalysis: Protein, nitrites, leucocytes and possible haematuria in infection; glucose in diabetes; specific gravity very low in diabetes insipidus.MSU: To confirm infection and identify pathogen.Urinary frequency volume chart: To help distinguish nocturnal polyuria (increased urine production at night) from reduced bladder storage capacity.Blood sugar/HbA1c: To confirm diabetes mellitus.PSA: Pros and cons of this test may be discussed if assessment raises the possibility of prostate cancer.Specialist tests include: Cystoscopy and ultrasound (for lower urinary tract obstruction), urodynamic studies (for unstable bladder) and water deprivation test (for diabetes insipidus).
Physical health care of people with severe mental illness
Published in Christopher Dowrick, Global Primary Mental Health Care, 2019
The diagnosis of diabetes should be made using fasting blood glucose levels, using the current WHO definition of diabetes and prediabetes. HbA1c should not be used to diagnose diabetes. This is because the blood glucose level can rise very quickly when anti-psychotic medication is prescribed, much more quickly than the 90-day life-span of erythrocytes on which the HbA1c measurement is based.
Comparative efficacy and safety profile of once-weekly Semaglutide versus once-daily Sitagliptin as an add-on to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Tirath Patel, Fnu Nageeta, Rohab Sohail, Tooba Shaukat Butt, Shyamala Ganesan, Fnu Madhurita, Muhammad Ahmed, Mahrukh Zafar, Wirda Zafar, Mohammad Uzair Zaman, Giustino Varrassi, Mahima Khatri, Satesh Kumar
The development of genetically-engineered human proteins and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have emerged as a promising approach for effectively managing diabetes. The ability to reduce HbA1c levels and body weight while avoiding the risk of hypoglycemia has made this treatment approach particularly valuable for addressing the needs of obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, the degradation of these proteins by Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) and Neutral Endopeptidase represents a significant challenge, as it limits their effectiveness by reducing their half-life to only 1-2 min [7]. Sitagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, is an oral antihyperglycemic agent used for treating T2D in adults in many countries. Sitagliptin inhibits DPP-4, leading to stabilization of the short-lived incretin peptides GLP-1 and GIP. The use of DPP-4 inhibitors in managing hyperglycemia in adults with T2D varies based on local practice guidelines [8]. Both the GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors have the potential to serve as second-line treatments in situations where initial treatments (primarily metformin) fail to achieve glycemic control [9]. The efficacy and safety of semaglutide compared to various comparators, including sitagliptin, have been assessed in six global phase III clinical trials called the ‘Semaglutide Unabated Sustainability in Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes’ (SUSTAIN) program. These trials also evaluated cardiovascular outcomes [10].
The association of five polymorphisms with diabetic retinopathy in a Chinese population
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2023
Huan Li, Meizhen Ning, Qinyun Li, Ting Wang, Wei Li, Jialing Xiao, Liang Wang, Kaifang Wang, Rong Zou, Fang Hao, Man Yu, Yi Shi, Chuntao Lei, Ziyang Wang, Zhenglin Yang, Huijuan Xu, Bo Gong
A total of 385 patients with NPDR, 95 patients with PDR and 478 patients with diabetes without retinopathy (DNR) were recruited from the Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and the Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital. HbA1c is a stable biological indicator reflecting blood glucose levels, and an HbA1c level of ≥6.5% was used as a diagnostic criterion for diabetes in this study. NPDR, DR and type 2 DNR patients were diagnosed by senior ophthalmologists using slit lamps forfundus examination. The study conformed to the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital in Sichuan Province, China. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before the study. All DNA samples and data in this study were handled anonymously.
Associations between HbA1c-derived estimated average glucose and fasting plasma glucose in patients with normal and abnormal hemoglobin patterns
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2022
Wilaiwan Sriwimol, Phattanapong Choosongsang, Pensiri Choosongsang, Warakorn Petkliang, Pittaya Treerut
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from a defect in normal glucose metabolism [1]. Intensive glycemic control is important to reduce the risk of long-term complications [1,2]. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) are well-known blood tests used to monitor glycemic status. The HbA1c molecule is formed from the attachment of glucose to the N-terminal valine residue of the hemoglobin β-chain through a non-enzymatic reaction [3]. The HbA1c formation rate is directly proportional to the blood glucose level, and the HbA1c test reflects the average glucose value over the previous two to three months [4]. The HbA1c measurement is widely accepted as the gold standard for monitoring long-term glycemic control, and it is recommended that diabetic patients should have their HbA1c level checked at least two times per year. Currently, there are several analytical methods for HbA1c measurement in clinical laboratories, all with different advantages and limitations [5]. The accuracy of each test may be affected by various pathological conditions such as thalassemia or abnormal hemoglobin levels [6].