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Therapeutic Properties of Fermented Foods and Beverages
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants for Human Gastrointestinal Disorders, 2023
Thrombosis is the condition of blood clot formation within a blood vessel that prevents normal flow of blood through the circulatory system. Blood clot in humans is carried out by more than 20 different enzymes, whereas plasmin is the only enzyme that interrupts the formation of blood clot.88 Food products with high LDL content are known to cause clots and form plaques by deposition in blood vessels that blocks the blood supply and might lead to chest pain and heart attack; hence, consumption of fermented products reduces the accumulation of LDL in the blood vessels. Simi-larly, accumulation of fibrin in blood vessels reduces the flow of blood thereby increasing the viscosity of blood, which builds up the pressure in the vessels leading to myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular diseases.88 Therefore to prevent thrombosis, consumption of fermented food as a source of fibrinolytic enzymes145 or fibrinolytic enzymes isolated from starter culture used in fermented food is advised.88, 145
Coronary Artery Disease
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Treatment of CAD is focused on reducing the cardiac workload. This is achieved by decreasing oxygen demand while improving blood flow through the coronary artery. Over time, the goal is to stop and reverse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) can improve coronary artery blood flow. Fibrinolytic drugs may be used to dissolve an acute coronary thrombosis, for some patients. The medical treatments for CAD are based on cardiac function, present symptoms, and underlying disorders. Antiplatelet drugs are recommended to stop clot formation. Statins are used to lower LDL cholesterol, improving outcomes in part by stabilizing atheromatous plaques and also by causing better endothelial function. Beta-blockers can reduce angina symptoms by decreasing myocardial oxygen demand and reducing heart rate and contractility. Calcium channel blockers are often effective, especially when used with beta-blockers to manage angina and hypertension. Nitrates slightly dilate the coronary arteries to decrease venous return. For patients with CAD and LV dysfunction, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are the preferred medications.
The patient with acute cardiovascular problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
As the damaged tissue is repaired, the clot is slowly broken down. This process is called fibrinolysis and occurs as a result of an enzyme called plasmin, which causes the fibrin strands to dissolve and the clot to erode. Figure 6.12 summarises the clot formation and dissolution process.
Atorvastatin-mediated inhibition of prenylation of Rab27b and Rap1a in platelets attenuates their prothrombotic capacity and modulates clot structure
Published in Platelets, 2023
Mohammed M Jalal, Claire S Whyte, Fraser P Coxon, Nicola J Mutch
Thrombodynamics of clot formation were analyzed to garner data on the rate of clot growth and the rate of spontaneous clot lysis. Consistent with the clot lysis assay, maximum clot formation time with ATV was significantly longer (Figure 2c). ATV delayed clot formation initiated at the TF-comb, spontaneous clot growth and clot lysis (Figure 2d). Indeed, in the presence of ATV, there was clear evidence of clot formation and lysis occurring simultaneously, whereas in the control clot, it took longer before onset of lysis was visualized (21.75 ± 3.2 min vs. 39 ± 3.3 min, P < .01). Similarly, lysis of whole blood thrombi was 1.4-fold faster with ATV compared to the control (P < .05; Figure 2e). Interestingly, preincubation of ATV with PRP significantly inhibited thrombin-induced clot retraction in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 2f) to a similar extent as the tirofiban and cytoD controls.
Haemodialysis catheters – a review of design and function
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Side holes are designed to provide alternate channels for blood entering and leaving the terminal end of the HD catheter. Side holes are brandished by most devices on the market today, both tunneled and non-tunneled. Proposed benefits include mitigating recirculation, lowering negative pressure at the arterial lumen aperture and hence reduced vein collapse, and allowance of inter-dialytic leaching of anticoagulant lock solution to discourage fibrinisation. The purported disadvantage is promotion of clot formation. Side holes may be accompanied by turbulent flow, and their edges may be roughened resulting in shear stress. As dictated by Virchow’s triad, these conditions potentially increase thrombogenicity and fibrin sheath formation. Non-laminar flow creates eddies and regions of blood stagnation, also raising the risk of infection.
Investigating the ultrastructural and viscoelastic characteristics of whole blood after exposure to the heavy metals cadmium, lead and chromium, alone and in combination
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2022
L Pretorius, H Taute, M Van Rooy, HM Oberholzer
An increase in potential clot formation was observed in the current study. The presence of sticky thick fibers (green arrows) that are haphazardly organized may be an indication of inadequate clot retraction. This can potentially influence the clot lysis time and increase the risk of thrombosis. The group with the least toxic effect appeared to be the Cd group, while the Cd + Cr combination appeared to be the most toxic group with the fibers being bent and less taut (pink arrows) and forming sticky masses (blue arrows) at the lowest concentration. At the higher concentrations, fibrin fibers fused together (yellow arrows) and formed net-like coverings (red arrows) that can have detrimental effects on coagulation. At higher concentrations, the fibrin network became less organized and appeared mesh-like. This caused the erythrocytes to become trapped in the fibrin network and contributed to their altered erythrocyte morphology. The results are similar to what was observed by Venter et al.24 in an ex vivo study after Cd and Cr exposure in whole blood. Based on Yaprak and Yolcubal10 Cr (224 µg/L) accumulates at a much higher concentration in PRF than the other two metals (Cd: 0.21 µg/L and Pb: 4.4 µg/L) and might explain the general tendency for Cr to have a much larger effect.