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A Brief History of Nutritional Medicine and the Emergence of Nutrition as a Medical Subspecialty
Published in Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson, Optimizing Metabolic Status for the Hospitalized Patient, 2023
Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson
The name chlorosis is often mistaken to refer to a yellow-green hue of the skin. But many of the descriptions are of pale white skin rather than either yellow or green. I believe this actually refers to a botanical term in which chlorosis is a condition where plant leaves are pale from lack of chlorophyll. We must remember that early medical scientists were often also biologists, chemists and botanists. For this reason, it may have seemed natural for them to have referred to paleness in a patient as chlorosis.
The late Middle Ages
Published in Michael J. O’Dowd, The History of Medications for Women, 2020
Hematite consists principally of iron oxide (60 to 80%). It was mainly used in the obstetrics and gynecology of olden days as an astringent or styptic. Various oral iron preparations were prescribed for women as treatment for anemia and iron salts were prescribed for the anemia of chlorosis (Ringer, 1888). Chlorosis was defined as a ‘Distemper in young women which is called the Green-sickness, because they are generally of a wan, sallow complexion’ (Quincy, 1775). The treatment for the ‘green sickness’ was chalybeate medicine (containing iron) but ‘if these will not suffice ... matrimony is a certain cure’ (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1771).
Medicines for Weakness: 1900 to c. 1950
Published in John K. Crellin, A Social History of Medicines in the Twentieth Century, 2020
Two conditions, chlorosis and anemia, with marked symptoms of lethargy and tiredness, have a key place in the weakness story. Chlorosis, because it faded and disappeared as a diagnosis after the 1920s, has fascinated and vexed historians for some time.95 It is, in fact, an especially intriguing example of how approaches to diagnosis and treatment are affected by general social and scientific trends, which, in this case, included women's emancipation, laboratory medicine, and iron metabolism research.96
Therapeutic effects of Sheng Xue Fang in a cyclophosphamide-induced anaemia mouse model
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Lu Dou, Xue Gong, Qing Wu, Fangzheng Mou
The TCM theory proposes that anaemia belongs to categories, such as ‘blood deficiency’, ‘chlorosis’, ‘blood syndrome’, and ‘consumptive disease’ which manifest in dizziness, tinnitus, insomnia, pallor, weakness, and other symptoms. Chinese Materia Medica is derived from natural plants and has high safety, few side effects, and significant efficacy (Wang et al. 2019; Cui et al. 2020; Kahn et al. 2020). SXF has been used in the clinical treatment of anaemia for many years and has been effective in significantly improving symptoms of anaemia (Da-Rong et al. 2019). However, its main active component and target of action are unclear; thus, we conducted the current study. SXF significantly improved RBC and HGB levels, and HCT in female Balb/c mice. However, the improvement was not observed in male mice, and no improvement was observed in WBCs in female mice. No significant WBC-enhancing effect of SXF was observed in these mice, which may be due to species differences between humans and mice. There were also differences between male and female mice regarding RBC increases, suggesting that male and female mice may also show differences in immune resistance and haematopoietic function (Borkar et al. 2020; Merikangas and Almasy 2020; Rubin et al. 2020).
Effect of heavy metal stress on antioxidant enzymes and DNA damage in Nasturtium officinale R.Br. (watercress)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2019
Fahriye Sümer Ercan, Nuri Ercan, Dilek Demirezen Yilmaz
Heavy metals (HMs) are one of the most important genotoxic environmental pollutants that cause serious threat to both human and environment. They can cause hazardous effects on plants by varying the major plant physiological and metabolic processes (DalCorso et al. 2008). HMs like lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and copper (Cu) may inhibit specific essential physiological activities (Censi et al. 2006). Cd has high toxicity on plants, animals, and humans. It can cause various phytotoxic symptoms that include chlorosis, growth inhibition, and accelerated senescence in plants (Mishra et al. 2006). Cr is one of the most abundant and important environmental contaminant released into the atmosphere because of its great industrial use (Nriagu and Nieboer 1988). This metal causes vigorous damages in plants and animals. Phytotoxic effects of Cr occurs inhibition of seed germination, pigment degradation, antioxidant enzymes, and induction of oxidative stress in plants.
Evaluation of mature miR398 family, expression analysis and the post-transcriptional regulation evidence in gamma-irradiated and nitrogen-stressed Medicago sativa seedlings
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2019
Mohammed Javed, Anshika Sinha, Lata Israni Shukla
The conserved miR398 could target transcript leading to either reduction or total absence of transcriptome of the target. This in turn could be exemplified by its differential expression in nutrient homeostasis and it is reviewed for microRNA (miRNA) regulation in altered nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon starvation availability conditions (Paul et al. 2015). Nitrogen limitation and sequential nitrogen starvation condition could decrease the photosynthetic activity and crude protein (Liang et al. 2012). It could also affect the cell morphology and produce chlorosis. The chronic nitrogen stress requires different pathway for sustenance in plants when compared with the free radical-induced damage caused by gamma ionization of the seedlings. In nitrogen limiting conditions, downregulation of miR398 expression with concomitant upregulation of CSD target (Pant et al. 2009; Xu et al. 2011; Liang et al. 2012). In copper stress, downregulation of miR398 upregulates the target gene (CSD1, CSD2 and CCS1), in Arabidopsis (Sunkar et al. 2006; Dugas and Bartel 2008; Naya et al. 2014). The downregulation of miR398 is observed in iron stress, high light, methyl viologen stress (Sunkar et al. 2006), salt and phosphate-limiting conditions shows an evolutionary conserved miRNA–mRNA (target) interactions (Jia, Wang, et al. 2009; Pant et al. 2009; Cui et al. 2017). Higher concentrations of Mercury, Cadmium and Aluminium also downregulate the miR398 expression (Zhou et al. 2012). However high sucrose and UV-B upregulate the expression of miR398 (Dugas and Bartel 2008; Jia, Ren, et al. 2009; Casati 2013). The expression of miR398 is induced during heat stress while its target CSD1 and CSD2 gets downregulated (Zhao et al. 2016).