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Critical Care and Anaesthesia
Published in Tjun Tang, Elizabeth O'Riordan, Stewart Walsh, Cracking the Intercollegiate General Surgery FRCS Viva, 2020
Rajkumar Rajendram, Alex Joseph, John Davidson, Avinash Gobindram, Prit Anand Singh, Animesh JK Patel
What is a thrombophilia?Abnormality of blood coagulation that increases the risk of thrombosisCan be congenital (overactivity of coagulation factors or deficiency of anticoagulant proteins) or acquired (disease or generic risk factors)
Congenital and acquired disorders of coagulation
Published in Jennifer Duguid, Lawrence Tim Goodnough, Michael J. Desmond, Transfusion Medicine in Practice, 2020
Jeanne M Lusher, Roshni Kulkarni
Acquired coagulation disorders are abnormalities in blood coagulation secondary to a large number of disorders. In contrast to the inherited coagulation disorders, which are often characterized by a single-factor deficiency, acquired disorders are complex and associated with multiple haemostatic abnormalities, including thrombocytopenia, platelet function defects, and vascular abnormalities. Furthermore, there is poor correlation between severity of bleeding and laboratory tests. While no specific replacement therapy exists, treatment of the underlying disorder is sometimes helpful in ameliorating the bleeding. The following are the most common acquired bleeding disorders.
The Hematologic System and its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
The circulatory system is composed of the heart and vessels, which circulate blood, and the skeletal system consists of bone and its connective tissues. Yet these two are intimately related to the hematologic system, the system of the body that, largely within the bone marrow, forms the cells circulated in the blood. The hematologic system is responsible for the formation of red blood cells (RBC) that transport oxygen, white blood cells that protect the body from bacteria and other foreign invaders, and platelets involved in blood coagulation. In addition to bone marrow, the liver, spleen, and lymphatic system also produce hematologic constituents.
Roles of non-coding RNA in megakaryocytopoiesis and thrombopoiesis: new target therapies in ITP
Published in Platelets, 2023
MiRNAs are a category of endogenous small RNAs that are approximately 20–24 nt in length [21]. The majority of miRNAs are localized in intronic regions that are highly conserved in different species [22,23] and are highly homologous in sequence, which is strongly linked to the significance of its function [24], exhibiting fine-tuned control of protein expression through recognition, binding, and translational repression of complementary sequences to protein-coding mRNA transcripts [25,26]. The diverse functions and expression patterns of miRNAs in platelets or MKs reveal that they may play key modulatory roles in the biology of platelets. Circulating platelets are essential in the physiology of blood coagulation that maintains the hemostatic balance and protects vascular integrity [27]. Conversely, abnormality in platelet reactivity is related to diverse pathological factors such as cardiovascular disorders, inflammation, etc., leading to morbidity and mortality [28–31]. Multiple miRNAs have been uncovered in platelets, but their roles remain greatly unknown. One such miRNA, miR-223, is documented to be the most abundant miRNA in platelets [32,33], followed by miR-126 [20,34]. MiR-96, miR-200b, miR-495, miR-107, and miR-223 are underscored to closely correlate with reactivity, aggregation, secretion, and adhesion of platelets [35].
Orally delivered rutin in lipid-based nano-formulation exerts strong antithrombotic effects by protein disulfide isomerase inhibition
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Dan Chen, Yurong Liu, Peiwen Liu, Yang Zhou, Longguang Jiang, Cai Yuan, Mingdong Huang
Thrombosis, the occlusion of blood vessels by localized clots, can occur in both macrocirculation and microcirculation, and becomes the central pathological event in various vascular diseases, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and pulmonary embolism (Mackman, 2008; Wendelboe & Raskob, 2016). During clot formation, the recruitment of activated platelets occurs in parallel with the blood coagulation cascade. Both processes communicate and promote each other to generate glue-like fibrin to seal the injured vessel. Currently, antiplatelets and anticoagulants are a mainstay for thrombosis prevention. However, there is an inherent risk of bleeding for these agents, which results in adverse cardiovascular events and negates the potential clinical benefit (Mackman, 2008; Melnikova, 2009; Lin et al., 2015b). Therefore, there are extensive and continuous efforts to develop novel antithrombotics with favorable potency and safety.
The molecular basis of platelet biogenesis, activation, aggregation and implications in neurological disorders
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2020
Abhilash Ludhiadch, Abhishek Muralidharan, Renuka Balyan, Anjana Munshi
Blood coagulation is a process by which the platelets help in stopping the loss of blood from an injury site. It includes plasma, vascular and platelet components, with the major role played by the platelets [41,42]. This process requires the activation of platelets by various soluble and tissue factors. It occurs by the adhesion of these platelets to the components (like collagen) at injury site and finally the aggregation of platelets and the recruitment and deposition of fibrin to form a meshwork at the site of injury. The functions of platelets can thus be summed into 5 major processes. First is the adhesion of platelets to the injured or exposed endothelium which results in their activation. These adhered platelets then aggregate together forming a small mass of platelets and then a buildup of masses of hundreds of platelets take place. Along with this, the secretion of various active components like thromboxane A2, platelet factor 4, fibronectin, etc. occurs which recruit further platelets at the injury site and also help in the stabilization of larger aggregates. After this, fibrin formation takes place by the accelerated surface properties of platelets. Finally, the platelet-fibrin meshwork is converted into a more densely packed and less hydrated clot which has higher mechanical strength [43,44]. Platelets are known to acquire different forms depending on the site of action and requirements. These include the formation of platelet plugs at the injury site for hemostasis, formation of floating thrombi or emboli and finally the platelet aggregates on sub-endothelium called as a plaque [45].