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Trichothecenes
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
I. Malbrán, C.A. Mourelos, J.R. Girotti, G.A. Lori
Although acute outbreaks associated with human exposition to trichothecenes are uncommon, these compounds have been implied in a small number of epidemic diseases since their discovery. Among them, the most important were the alimentary toxic aleukia (ATA),1 Urov or Kashin-Beck disease,43,44 and Akakabi-byo.45 Furthermore, some reports indicate that the trichothecenes T-2, DON, and NIV were present in the chemical warfare weapon known as “Yellow rain,” released in Southeast Asia.1
Selected Human Pathogenic Fungi
Published in Rajendra Prasad, Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, Lipids of Pathogenic Fungi, 2017
Fusaria can cause disease either through intoxication or infection. Fusaria produces mycotoxins, which can cause aplastic anemia and myopathy when ingested. This form of disease, termed “alimentary toxic aleukia”, was first reported in Russia in 1913 after a large number of people ingested grain contaminated with Fusarium. The disease is characterized by fever, gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, neurological disturbances, stomatitis, dermatitis and bone marrow suppression.23 Occasionally, some of these toxic effects may be seen in patients infected with the organism, although in vivo production of toxins by infecting organisms has not been demonstrated.
Gastroprotective effects of amifostine in rats treated by T-2 toxin
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2018
Vesna Jacevic, Kamil Kuca, Zoran Milovanovic, Aleksandra Bocarov-Stancic, Ilija Rancic, Dubravko Bokonjic, Viktorija Dragojevic-Simic, Zoran Segrt
T-2 toxin is a highly toxic and irritant fungal metabolite produced by several strains of Fusarium fungi which are present in foods of plant and animal origin (Bennett & Klich, 2003; Dohnal et al., 2008; Ueno, 1984; Wu et al., 2010). According to its high stability and difficult detection in the environment, T-2 toxin has been classified as a biological weapon (Kuca & Pohanka, 2010). Intakes of naturally infected cereals with toxic Fusarium fungi bring about serious mycotoxicosis with similar signs of intoxication (emesis, decreased weight gain, lethargy, diarrhea, gastrointestinal injuries, hemorrhage and death) as those attribute to T-2 toxin (Jacevic, 2005; Resanovic et al., 2009; Wu et al., 2010). In humans, T-2 toxin causes a disease called alimentary toxic aleukia (ATA) (Joffe, 1974). Experimentally, T-2 toxin causes outbreak of hemorrhagic diseases associated with ATA in humans (Wu et al., 2013).
Effect of T-2 toxin-injected shrimp muscle extracts on mouse macrophage cells (RAW264.7)
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2018
Zhanrui Huang, Yaling Wang, Mei Qiu, Lijun Sun, Jianmeng Liao, Rundong Wang, Xiaodong Sun, Siyuan Bi, Ravi Gooneratne
T-2 toxin is a type A trichothecene sesquiterpene compound produced by Fusarium (Krska et al., 2007). It could cause both acute and chronic toxicity (Meissonnier et al., 2008; Parent-Massin, 2004). It was regarded as one of the most dangerous food pollutants by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAQ) and World Health Organization (WHO). Food contaminated by T-2 would induce Alimentary toxic aleukia (ATA) (Marin et al., 2013), and immunosuppression (Minervini et al., 2005). Therefore, the residues of T-2 toxin were closely monitored in terms of food safety. However, the food was monitored by observing free T-2 toxin (Yang et al., 2016) and not by observing T-2 toxin’s major metabolite HT-2. In recent years, several studies illustrated that when feed contaminated by T-2 were consumed by livestock, most of the T-2 was biotransformed to T-2’s metabolites, including HT-2 and collectively termed as modified T-2 (mT-2) (Königs et al., 2009; Wu et al., 2010; Yuan et al., 2013). As the structures, polarity and physicochemical properties of the T-2 metabolites were different, T-2 metabolites were no longer detected by the classical T-2 toxin extraction and detecting methods (Boevre et al., 2015; Broekaert et al., 2015).