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The oesophagus.
Published in Fred W Wright, Radiology of the Chest and Related Conditions, 2022
On plain radiographs, IVP's etc., fluid in the fundus of the stomach may produce a 'gastric pseudo-mass', at or just below the level of the cardia (Illus. ADRENAL FALSE TUMOUR). The author has seen several examples diagnosed as adrenal tumours, and one patient from Dublin had even had two exploratory operations for this spurious adrenal tumour and was referred to Oxford for a third! A similar appearance is also commonly seen with fluid within a hiatus hernia. Difficulty may occur when a tumour and the pseudo-mass occur together, but they may be readily differentiated by filling the stomach fundus with gas or opaque contrast medium.
Gastrointestinal tract and salivary glands
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The stomach is a relatively mobile structure that has a capacity of 1000–1500 ml, located within the epigastric, umbilical and left hypochondriac regions of the abdomen. The proximal stomach (fundus) lies under the left hemidiaphragm and communicates with the oesophagus at the cardia. The central area is the gastric body and the distal area the antrum from which the outlet port, the pyloric canal, communicates with the duodenum. The short medial curve of the stomach is known as the lesser curve and the much longer lateral curve is named the greater curve of the stomach.
Postulated Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles on Motility
Published in Edwin E. Daniel, Neuropeptide Function in the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2019
Hans-Dieter Allescher, Sultan Ahmad
The different functional divisions of the canine stomach (fundus, corpus, and antrum) show differential responses of their smooth muscle to substance P in vitro.368 Whereas the fundus contracted only tonically to substance P, the antrum contracted only phasically and the corpus had a mixed contractile response. In the conscious dog, SP stimulated gastric motility, increasing intragastric pressure, spike discharge, and propagation velocity of slow waves.368
Case report: gastric plasmacytoma resistant to radiation therapy
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2022
As part of the clinical trial workup, a bone marrow biopsy was performed, which revealed normocellular bone marrow with trilineage hematopoiesis. Plasma cell proliferation was mildly increased, about 7–10% of total cells, which is markedly less than would be expected in the setting of multiple myeloma. A PET scan was also performed and noted to have increased uptake in the gastric area, which was concerning for possible gastric malignancy. She was then referred to gastroenterology for an upper gastrointestinal endoscopic ultrasound, which revealed extrinsic compression of the stomach fundus and body due to a 40-mm mass and associated adenopathy (see Figure 1, endoscopic ultrasound showing the gastric mass). Pathology revealed a kappa-restricted plasma cell neoplasm positive for CD138. Her total serum protein at that time was 11 g/dL, with a serum monoclonal protein of 4.2 g/dL and an elevated free kappa/lambda light chain ratio. Her renal function and calcium remained within normal limits, and her hemoglobin was mildly decreased, at 10.5.
Severe salicylate poisoning resistant to conventional management
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2018
Divya Akshintala, Anjeanette Mendez, Ossama I. Ikladios, Vamsi Krishna Emani
In the case of the patient reported, we believe that the persistently elevated salicylate levels found were secondary to the formation of a pharmacobezoar. The dense opacity present in the stomach fundus on abdominal radiogram was likely a representation of the same (Figure 1). Bezoars lead to delayed absorption of aspirin and hence persistently elevated salicylate levels. Other clinical features of bezoars would include local symptoms of nausea, vomiting and gastrointestinal tract obstruction [5]. They often lead to the need for prolonged treatment and increase in morbidity. Our patient was on hemodialysis treatment for nearly 30 hours before we saw a decline in salicylate levels and clinical improvement. Our initial requests for endoscopy were unsuccessful which might have decreased the need for prolonged hemodialysis.
Astroglial 5-HT2B receptor in mood disorders
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2018
Liang Peng, Dan Song, Baoman Li, Alexei Verkhratsky
Serotonergic neurons are located in the raphe nuclei of the brain stem, and processes of these neurons project to the brain [23]. There are seven types of 5-HT receptors (5-HT1–7) of which 5-HT2 receptor family is subdivided into 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptors. The 5-HT2B receptors display ~70% homology to the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors when amino acids comprising the transmembrane domains are compared [24]. The 5-HT2B receptor (initially codenamed 5-HT2F receptor) was cloned from rat stomach fundus in 1992 [25]. Two years later, the same group cloned human 5-HT2B receptor expressed in many tissues including the CNS [26]. Initially these receptors were identified in Purkinje neurons [27]. Subsequently the specific 5-HT2B receptor mRNAs was detected in freshly isolated neurons and astrocytes from adult mice [28] in which cell-specific markers were linked with different fluorescent compounds thus allowing cell separation using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). All three subtypes of 5-HT2 receptors are coupled with Gq/11 proteins [29]. Stimulation of 5-HT2 receptors with serotonin activates phospholipase C, thus generating diacylglycerol and inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (InsP3) by hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate (PIP2); InsP3, in turn, stimulates InsP3 receptors on the endoplasmic reticulum membrane thus initiating cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]i) transients [30]. The 5-HT2B receptor has high affinity to 5-HT with the KD value around 10 nM [19]. Pharmacologically, activation of 5-HT2B receptor can be dissected by its specific antagonist, SB204741 [31].