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Deep Neck Space Infection
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
The microbiological pattern of DNSIs is generally polymicrobial, including aerobes and anaerobes. The predominant anaerobic organisms are Prevotella spp., Porphyromonas spp., Fusobacterium spp., and Peptostreptococcus spp.; aerobic organisms are group A Streptococcus, viridans streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae. More than two-thirds of deep neck infections contain β-lactamase-producing bacteria.
Gemifloxacin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
MIC50s and MIC90s of gemifloxacin against Bacteroides fragilis range from 0.5–1 and from 0.5–16 µg/ml (most ≥ 2 µg/ml), respectively (Cormican and Jones, 1997; Marco et al., 1997; Wise and Andrews, 1999; Goldstein, 2000; King et al., 2000; Kleinkauf et al., 2001). MIC90s of ≥ 4 µg/ml have been recorded for the following Bacteroides spp.: B. caccae, B. distasonis, B. ovatus, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. uniformis, and B. vulgatus (Goldstein et al., 1999a). Goldstein et al., (1999a, b) reported lower MIC90s for B. gracilis (1 µg/ml), B. stercoralis (0.5 µg/ml), B. tectum (0.25 µg/ml), and B. urealyticus (2 µg/ml). Prevotella spp. (MIC90s, 0.5–16 µg/ml) and Veillonella spp. (MIC90, 8 µg/ml) are relatively insensitive to gemifloxacin (Marco et al., 1997; Goldstein et al., 1999a; Goldstein et al., 1999b; King et al., 2000; Kleinkauf et al., 2001). Gemifloxacin is more potent against Porphyromonas spp., with MIC90s, ≤ 0.25 µg/ml (Goldstein et al., 1999b) or 1 µg/ml (King et al., 2000). MIC90s against Fusobacterium spp. are generally ≥ 2 µg/ml (Goldstein, 2000), although values of 0.25–1 µg/ml have also been recorded (Goldstein et al., 1999a; King et al., 2000; Kleinkauf et al., 2001). Gemifloxacin is more potent than ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin against Clostridium perfringens with MIC90s of 0.06–0.12 µg/ml (Goldstein et al., 1999a; Wise and Andrews, 1999). Gemifloxacin MIC90s against C. difficile are elevated (2 to > 16 µg/ml), but in most studies other Clostridium spp. are more susceptible, with MIC90 values from 0.5 to 2 µg/ml (Goldstein et al., 1999a; Goldstein et al., 1999b; Wise and Andrews, 1999; Goldstein, 2000; King et al., 2000). Most studies indicate that Peptostreptococcus spp. are inhibited by gemifloxacin with MIC90s ≤ 0.25 µg/ml, although other studies report MIC90s of 0.5–4 µg/ml (Cormican and Jones, 1997; Goldstein et al., 1999a; Goldstein et al., 1999b; Wise and Andrews, 1999; King et al., 2000).
Diagnosis of pleural empyema/parapneumonic effusion by next-generation sequencing
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2021
Yoshiki Shiraishi, Kirill Kryukov, Katsuyoshi Tomomatsu, Fumio Sakamaki, Shigeaki Inoue, So Nakagawa, Tadashi Imanishi, Koichiro Asano
The predominant bacteria identified by NGS matched the culture results in five effusions (Table 2). In contrast, the predominant bacteria identified in three effusions by NGS did not match those identified by culture. In an effusion that was positive for Peptostreptococcus sp. and Campylobacter curvus in culture, these bacteria represented only 0.01% and 1.6% of the total bacterial genomes, respectively, whereas NGS identified the anaerobes, Porphyromonas endodontalis (25%), Fusobacterium nucleatum (21%), and Prevotella oris (16%). In the other two effusions, culture-positive Streptococcus anginosus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, accounted for only 0.9% and 0.2% of the total bacterial genomes, respectively. Prevotella oris (77%) and F. nucleatum (89%) were the predominant bacteria according to NGS in these samples.
Comparison of microbial profiles and viral status along the vagina-cervix-endometrium continuum of infertile patients
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2023
Mark Jain, Elena Mladova, Anna Dobychina, Karina Kirillova, Anna Shichanina, Daniil Anokhin, Liya Scherbakova, Larisa Samokhodskaya, Olga Panina
The microbiological profiles were analyzed using the following commercial kits on a DT-Prime real-time PCR instrument (DNA-Technology, Moscow, Russia) according to the manufacturers’ protocols: ‘Femoflor 16’, ‘TNC Complex’, ‘Herpes Multiplex’ (cat# R1-P801-S3/6, R1-P111-S3/9, R1-P210-S3/9, respectively, (DNA-Technology, Moscow, Russia)). These reagents allowed quantitative analysis of the total bacterial load (based on the detection of conservative procaryotic sequences), Lactobacillus spp., Enterobacteriaceae, Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Gardnerella vaginalis, Prevotella bivia, Porphyromonas spp., Eubacterium spp., Sneathia spp., Leptotrichia spp., Fusobacterium spp., Megasphaera spp., Veillonella spp., Dialister spp., Lachnobacterium spp., Clostridium spp., Mobiluncus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Peptostreptococcus spp., Atopobium vaginae, Candida spp., Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum, Mycoplasma genitalium as well as qualitative analysis of Trichomonas vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Herpes simplex viruses 1 & 2, Cytomegalovirus. The number of Homo sapiens DNA was also measured in every sample to control the biomaterial collection quality (>103 copies per reaction mixture). Real-time PCR data was analyzed automatically in the RealTime_PCR software (DNA-Technology, Russia) developed for the above-mentioned PCR kits. The recommended manufacturer cycle threshold value for qualitative analysis was 24, whereas during quantitative analysis DNA levels of less than 103 copies were considered negative. Some closely related taxa were analyzed collectively due to limitations of the applied real-time PCR assay. In such cases, the names of the taxa are listed together and joined by a “+” sign.
Streptogramins for the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive pathogens
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Sophie Reissier, Vincent Cattoir
The spectrum of activity of streptogramins includes a broad range of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria, with a MIC90 generally ≤1 mg/l Table 2 [28–33]. They are active against methicillin-susceptible, MRSA, and most of E. faecium isolates (including VREF) Table 2 [30,34]. Noteworthy, Enterococcus faecalis is a gap in the antimicrobial spectrum since this Gram-positive species is intrinsically resistant to type A streptogramins (phenotype LSA, which results in lincosamide and streptogramins A resistance) and to the A plus B streptogramin combinations, due to the presence of the lsa(A) gene [35–37]. Streptogramins are also active against S. pneumoniae (regardless of resistance to β-lactams and macrolides), β-hemolytic streptococci, viridans streptococci, Corynebacterium spp., and Listeria monocytogenesTable 2 [28,38,39]. In addition, streptogramins exhibit activity against most of Gram-positive anaerobes, such as Actinomyces spp., Clostridium spp., Lactobacillus spp., Peptostreptococcus spp., and Cutibacterium acnesTable 2 [33,39]. They are also active against Mycoplasma spp., Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Chlamydia spp. Indeed, European guidelines about M. genitalium infections recommend pristinamycin as third-line therapy in patients failing both azithromycin and moxifloxacin therapy [40,41]. Interestingly, they also have a good activity against fastidious Gram-negative bacteria including Moraxella catarrhalis, Neisseria spp., and Legionella pneumophila (Table 2) [28,38,39]. Streptogramins have a variable activity against Bacteroides fragilis group and other Gram-negative anaerobes. Several strains are resistant and some, like Fusobacterium spp. are very susceptible (Table 2) [28,39,40]. Finally, Enterobacterales, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter spp. are intrinsically resistant to high levels of streptogramins [28].