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Food Types, Dietary Supplements, and Roles
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
The pH is a measure of the acid-base balance of a solution or a water. The pH (potential Hydrogen) measures the concentration of free hydrogen ions in a solution. The pH scale ranges from 0 (the most acidic) to 14 (the most basic), with 7 as the neutral mid-point. Most tap water and a number of spring and natural mineral waters have a pH around 7. Human blood has a pH of approximately 7.4 ± 0.05. It is essential for our bodies to maintain our blood pH within a tight range. Even a small fluctuation of as little as .05 in our blood pH can have severe health risks. However, the pH of the organs throughout the rest of the body can vary widely. In our stomach, the pH is acidic and varies from 1.5 to 3.5 during food digestion, while the pH of pancreatic juice is alkaline from 7.5–8.0.
The patient with acute gastrointestinal problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Rebecca Maindonald, Adrian Jugdoyal
The pancreas is a retroperitoneal gland approximately 12–15cm long and 2.5cm thick. It is connected by the pancreatic duct to the common bile duct, which in turn empties into the duodenum. Structurally, the pancreas is composed of clustered epithelial cells, about 99% of which constitute the exocrine portion of the organ. They secrete approximately 1200–1500mL daily of pancreatic juice, consisting of water, salts, sodium bicarbonate and enzymes. Bicarbonate pancreatic juice mixes with acidic chyme in the duodenum to neutralise the substance. Pancreatic juices consist of several enzymes that aid in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. The protein digesting enzymes are secreted initially within the pancreas in an inactive form (trypsinogen), as the active form would damage the pancreas itself. Trypsinogen is only activated when it reaches the duodenum and mixes with other enzymes. It is the premature activation of trypsinogen, when it is still in the pancreas, which causes serious problems (pancreatitis). The remaining 1% of the cells are organised into pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans), which have an endocrine function. These cells secrete hormones such as glucagon, insulin, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide (see section on diabetic emergencies in Chapter 11).
The Small IntestineSecretions, Digestion and Motility
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
Approximately 1.5 L of pancreatic juice is produced per day. Exocrine secretions are produced by acinar cells and the ductal cells of the pancreas. The exocrine pancreas secretes alkali ( ) and enzymes. The concentration of varies from 30 mmol/L in the resting pancreas up to 140–150 mmol/L when the gland is secreting at its maximal rate. Pancreatic juice is isotonic and the main cation is Na+. , the chief inorganic component, and water are secreted by the duct cells. The organic components of pancreatic juice consist of digestive enzymes produced by the acinar cells.
Reg3β: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Tissue Injury and Inflammation-Associated Disorders
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2022
Yuwen Cao, Yu Tian, Yueqin Liu, Zhaoliang Su
In 1979, a major protein was extracted from pancreatic stones and juices of patients suffering from chronic calcifying pancreatitis named PSP [19]. In 1984, an additional protein in rat pancreatic juice was observed, it was present in healthy rats after pancreatic duct cannulation or in rats in which experimental pancreatitis was induced by either cerulein or taurocholate, but was absent in the pancreatic juice of healthy rats. The authors refer to this protein as PAP [20]. Given the significant homology between PSP and PAP, it is assumed that both originated from the same ancestral gene [21]. Administration of nicotinamide, a poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase inhibitor, to partially pancreatectomized rats induces regeneration of pancreatic islets [22]. Terazono et al. [23] identified a novel gene encoding a 165-amino acid protein by screening the regenerating islet-derived cDNA library. Therefore, these authors proposed naming the novel gene reg, that is regenerating gene. In 1991, Rouquier et al. [24] cloned rat PSP mRNA sequences. A complete sequence identity was observed between the rat PSP transcript and the reg mRNA described by Terazono et al. [23]. Henceforth, this gene was therefore referred to as the reg/PSP gene. Several Reg and Reg-related genes were isolated from humans, rats, and mice, constituting a multigene family: the Reg family.
The effect of bilateral U-sutures in pancreaticojejunostomy in 75 consecutive cases
Published in Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 2019
Shengjun Piao, Zhijia Pan, Changshi Qian, Xinglin Jin
The objective of pancreaticoenteric reconstruction is permanent biological healing, achieved through a mechanical connection to drain the pancreatic juice into the intestinal tract. The pancreatic juice can, however, interfere with proper sealing and healing of the anastomosis, and the frangible pancreatic parenchyma is prone to injury during suturing. Biological healing is the ultimate goal of pancreatic anastomosis, while mechanical connection is only a prerequisite. Thus, more attention should be paid to anastomotic biological healing, eliminating the negative factors that may affect healing. Traditional pancreatic anastomosis was stitched too tightly, with two, three, or even four layers, affecting anastomotic blood supply. The procedure is not easy to master, requiring more sutures and causing more damage to the pancreas.
“Primary bacterial culture of bile and pancreatic juice in tumor related jaundice (TROJ) - is ascending cholangitis always our fault?”
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2018
Tomasz Klimczak, Krzysztof Kaczka, Jerzy Klimczak, Ewa Tyczkowska-Sieroń, Anna Tyczkowska
For microbiological tests, samples of bile and pancreatic juice were used. The inoculations were performed according to EUCAST guidelines (European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing). Tested specimens were inoculated onto Columbia agar +5% sheep blood (bioMérieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France) - medium that supports growth of a variety of bacteria and can detect hemolytic activity of the microorganism, MacConkey agar with crystal violet (bioMérieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France) - an agar that only allows the growth of Gram-negative bacteria, and Sabouraud gentamicin chloramphenicol 2 agar (bioMérieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France) which allows growth of fungi, yeasts and molds. The inoculations on Columbia agar and MacConkey agar were incubated (CO2-Incubator model INC153med, Memmert GmbH, Heilbronn, Germany) at 35 °C for up to 2 d. On the other hand, the inoculations on Sabouraud agar were incubated at 35 °C for up to 7 d. Bacterial species identification and susceptibility testing were performed using a VITEC®2 Compact (bioMérieux, Inc. Hazelwood, MO, USA), while yeast species - using a BD PhoenixTM automated microbiology system with yeast ID panels (Becton Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). Reference strains of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and 35218, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Candida albicans ATCC 90028, and Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 were tested for quality control.