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An Investigation in Vitro of the Properties of the Individual Muscle Layers of the Rabbit Colon in an Induced Colitis.
Published in William J. Snape, Stephen M. Collins, Effects of Immune Cells and Inflammation on Smooth Muscle and Enteric Nerves, 2020
WH Percy, MB Burton, Y Jacobowitz, R Burakoff
The muscularis mucosae is important for colonic function because it causes the mucosa to move and thus controls the luminal surface area. Based on the data obtained in the present study, alterations in muscularis mucosae function may be an important first stage in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease.
Gastrointestinal Lymphatics
Published in Waldemar L. Olszewski, Lymph Stasis: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment, 2019
The lymphatic anatomy of the rat stomach was recently investigated with in vivo microscopy following microinjection of a fluorescein-albumin conjugate.16 Mucosal initial lymphatics were found to be confined to the deeper regions, close to the muscularis mucosae. A network of submucosal vessels was also demonstrated in relation to the muscularis mucosae. These mucosal and submucosal networks drain by larger vessels through the deep submucosa and muscularis externa to extragastric vessels on the lesser and greater curvatures. As in earlier studies in the human stomach,17 no lymphatic vessels were observed in the muscularis externa. Other studies in humans18,19 have confirmed the existence of mucosal lymphatics in the deep mucosa close to the muscularis mucosae, but the upper two thirds of the mucosa is normally devoid of lymphatics. In severe atrophic gastritis, however, where the mucosal layer is considerably thinner, initial lymphatics are seen close to the surface epithelium.20 The deep location of initial lymphatics of the human gastric mucosa is similar to that observed in the colon.21
The digestive system
Published in Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella, Essentials of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology for Pharmacy and Allied Health, 2019
Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella
The innermost layer of the digestive tract wall, the mucosa, is composed of three layers: the mucous membrane, the lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosa. The mucus membrane provides important protective, absorptive, and secretory functions for the digestive tract. The nature of the epithelial cells lining the tract varies from one region to the next. The average life span of these epithelial cells is only a few days, so rapidly dividing stem cells continually produce new cells to replace worn-out epithelial cells. Mucus-secreting goblet cells are found in the mucosa throughout much of the gastrointestinal tract. The lamina propria is a thin, middle layer of connective tissue that contains the capillaries and small lymphatic vessels positioned to collect digested nutrient molecules. It also contains numerous lymph nodules that provide protection against infectious agents. The outer muscularis mucosa is a thin layer of smooth muscle. Contraction of this muscle may alter the effective surface area for absorption in the lumen.
Current status and advances in esophageal drug delivery technology: influence of physiological, pathophysiological and pharmaceutical factors
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Ai Wei Lim, Nicholas J. Talley, Marjorie M. Walker, Gert Storm, Susan Hua
The average thickness of the esophageal wall is approximately 1.87 to 2.70 mm in the dilated state and 4.05 to 5.68 mm in the contracted state (Xia et al., 2009). The thickness of the esophageal wall has also been reported to be slightly larger in males (5.26 mm) compared to females (4.34 mm) (Xia et al., 2009). The wall of the esophagus is comprised of the mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis propria (Figure 1). In healthy individuals, the mucosa is composed of three layers – non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium; lamina propria (composed of connective tissue); and muscularis mucosa (Scott-Brown et al., 2008; Orlando, 2010; Standring, 2020). The muscularis mucosa is composed primarily of smooth muscle, with a combination of striated muscles at the upper part of the esophagus. The submucosa layer consists of predominantly blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, minor salivary glands, connective tissues, and autonomic nerve plexus (i.e. submucosal plexus). The muscularis propria is formed by a mixture of striated and smooth muscles and is responsible for motor functions of the esophagus.
Therapeutic and prophylactic role of vitamin D and curcumin in acetic acid-induced acute ulcerative colitis model
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2023
Ayse Seda Erarslan, Recep Ozmerdivenli, Ferhat Sirinyıldız, Ozge Cevik, Erkan Gumus, Gokhan Cesur
In the study, when compared with the control group, histological examination of the colon in the DSS model group showed diffuse ulceration in the epithelial layer, edema, crypt damage in the intestinal wall, fibrosis in the muscularis mucosa, and infiltration of granulocytes and mononuclear cells into the mucosa. Compared to mice in the DSS model group, treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 was reported to decrease the histologic score of the colon (Zhao et al. 2012). In another experimental study in which the colitis was induced by acetic acid, a significant histological improvement in epithelial hyperemia, hemorrhage and necrotic areas was detected in the calcitriol group compared to the placebo group (Bademci et al. 2020). These studies are consistent with our results, in the pairwise comparison made according to the colitis group; it is understood that inflammation, edema, submucosal thickness and hemorrhage in the distal colon in the Post-Vit D group; submucosal thickness and hemorrhage in the Pre-Vit D group were significantly reduced.
The possible effect of lycopene in ameliorating experimentally induced ulcerative colitis in adult male albino rats (A histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study)
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2023
Shaimaa Mostafa Kashef, Rania Ibrahim Yassien, Dalia El-Sayed El-Ghazouly
H&E-stained sections of control group (group-I) revealed the normal well-known histological structure of the colon. From inside outwards, the colon wall was formed of mucosa, submucosa, musculosa, and serosa. The mucosa appeared folded, continuous, and intact (Figure 1a). The mucosa was formed of tightly packed and evenly spaced crypts occupying the entire mucosal thickness to the muscularis mucosa. The luminal surface and crypts were lined with simple columnar cells and goblet cells (Figure 1b). On the other hand, the UC group (group-III) revealed severe alterations in the mucosa. There was destruction of crypts architecture with the loss of the surface epithelium. The goblet cells revealed decrease in their number. The lamina propria showed heavy infiltration with inflammatory cells. Also, hemorrhage and congested blood vessels were observed in the lamina propria. Cell remnants were seen in the lumen (Figures 1c & 1d). Interestingly, sections from LYC+UC group (group-IV) exhibited pictures almost similar to those of the control group except for some inflammatory cells and dilated blood vessels in the mucosa of few colonic sections (Figure 1e).