China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Gastrointestinal Disease
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Gareth Davies, Chris Black, Keeley Fairbrass
Drug treatment:Smooth-muscle relaxing agents (e.g. calcium channel blocker and nitrates) provide temporary relief for some, but most require more invasive therapy.
Electromyograms
Published in A. Bakiya, K. Kamalanand, R. L. J. De Britto, Mechano-Electric Correlations in the Human Physiological System, 2021
A. Bakiya, K. Kamalanand, R. L. J. De Britto
Smooth muscles are non-striated muscles, and humans cannot control the activities of the smooth muscles (Bohr, 1973). Smooth muscle is spindle shaped and comprises cells ranging from 30 to 200 μm with central single nucleus. There are two types of smooth muscles, namely, multiunit smooth muscle and visceral smooth muscle (Bohr, 1973). The visceral smooth muscle is commonly known as unitary smooth muscle and produce slow and steady contraction such as the intestinal motility which allow food transport from the proximal to the distal loop. The multi-unit smooth muscles are observed in the lungs, arteries, internal eye muscle, erector pili muscle etc. (Bohr, 1973).
The cell and tissues
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Smooth muscle is found in the walls of all the hollow structures and vessels of the body, e.g., the blood vessels, bronchioles, ureters, bladder, urethra, uterus and the gastrointestinal tract. It is termed involuntary because we have no conscious control over its function, although we can influence some of its activity by lifestyle changes. Preventing uterine contraction, however, is simply not possible.
Juvenile Polyps with Osseous Metaplasia: Report of Two Pediatric Cases and Review of the Literature
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2022
Aileen Azari-Yam, Hosein Alimadadi, Moeinadin Safavi
The patient was a 10-year-old girl with a history of constipation, mucus passing, and prolapsing rectal mass for several months. She had a cauliflower-like mass in the distal rectum protruding to the anal verge. She had no contributory past medical history and the family history was negative for colorectal cancer or polyps. She underwent transanal segmental resection of the rectum. The mass was grape-like and composed of 75 isolated pedunculated polyps measuring from 3 to 25 mm in size. Microscopically, all polyps had expanded edematous lamina propria and cystically dilated glands lined by cuboidal to columnar mucus secreting cells with foci of mucin extravasation. Focal surface epithelium erosions, reactive nuclear atypia and a mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate were also identified. No branching smooth muscle was seen. These findings were in favor of JPS (there were more than five juvenile polyps in the rectum, fulfilling the criteria for JPS). One of the polyps showed osseous metaplasia composed of woven bone with reactive osteoblast rimming (Fig. 1).
MiRNA: a potential target for gene diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerotic stroke
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
Yi. Bao, Sijing. Li, Yayong. Ding, Xinyu. Du, Miao. Zhang, Wanjuan. Tang, Siqin. Zhou
In the aspect of vascular smooth muscle cells, K Knoepp et al. demonstrated that miRNA was involved in the differential gene regulation of vascular remodeling by inducing the formation of neointima through the femoral artery line bundle of C57BL/6 mice, which played a key role in the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and provided a therapeutic target for in-stent restenosis after angioplasty [19]. Previous studies have found that miRNA-29, miRNA-143/145 and miRNA-221/222 are involved in the regulation of phenotypic transformation, proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells [20]. MiRNA-143/145 is expressed in many pathological and physiological processes and can control the smooth muscle cell phenotype. In the study of pluripotent mouse cardiac progenitor cells, miRNA-145 and miRNA-143 were found to be down-regulated in the injury or atherosclerotic vessels of smooth muscle cells with low proliferation and differentiation. KLF2 is a key regulator of endothelial gene expression patterns that induce atherosclerosis, and binding to the promoter induces a significant up-regulation of miRNA-143/145 clusters [21]. In addition, miRNA-145 and miRNA-143 synergistically target transcription factor networks, including kruppel-like factor 4, myocardin and Elk-1 (members of the ETS oncogene family), which promote the differentiation and proliferation of smooth muscle cells [22].
Rare giant primary intracranial angioleiomyoma in lateral ventricle: a case report and the literature review
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2020
Jiangwei Ding, Feng Wang, Yuan Li, Tao Sun
The typical form of ALM is rich and dilated thick-walled vascular lumen, mixed with spinous process cells, and collagen band inelastic protein. Mature smooth muscle bundles are located around or between blood vessels. Irregularly distributed smooth muscle cells have rod-shaped nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm, rarely mitosis, cytologic atypia, necrosis, or pleomorphism. Immunohistochemistry revealed that tumor smooth muscle cells expressed more myogenic antibodies such as SMA and Desmin, and vascular endothelial cells were positive for CD31 and CD34. CK, EMA, GFAP, claudin-1, PR, HMB45 and other epithelial and colloid antibodies were not expressed.25 Hachisuga et al.34 observed 526 cases of angioleiomyoma and found that 16 cases (3.0%) contained mature fat cells. Zhou et al.3 have reported a case with multiple fat foci in some areas of spinous cells. Zhou et al.26 found focal cluster cells in one tumor with negative HMB45, which were considered to be steatosis rather than angiomyolipoma. Pathologically, ALM should be differentiated from hemangioma meningioma and hemangiopericytoma.33,35,36