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Gastritis
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Gastritis is a general term for a group of conditions that cause inflammation, irritation, or erosion of the mucosal barrier lining the stomach. Pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen is the most common symptom. However, symptoms do not necessarily correspond to the extent of physical changes in the stomach lining. Severe gastritis may be present on endoscopy without the patient having any symptoms. Conversely, severe symptoms may be present with minimal or no changes visible in the lining. Gastritis, whether associated with an autoimmune process, chemical injury, or H. pylori infection, underlies the development of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. The goals of treatment are to reduce gastric inflammation, relieve symptoms, and eliminate the underlying cause, if possible.
Health Benefits of Garlic (Allium sativum) in Gastrointestinal Disorders
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants for Human Gastrointestinal Disorders, 2023
Yaw Duah Boakye, Daniel Obeng Mensah, Eugene Kusi Agyei, Richard Agyen, Doreen Kwankyewaa Adjei, Christian Agyare
Gastritis describes the condition, where the stomach lining becomes inflamed, often resulting in discomfort. Prolongation of the inflammation causes atrophic gastritis (when the glands of the lining of the stomach) or ulcers to develop. Excess secretion of acid, autoimmune processes, H. pylori infection and damage induced by alcohol, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids are underlying causes of gastritis. H. pylori are however thought to account for a majority of cases of gastritis. The antibacterial effects of garlic against H. pylori have been well established and confirmed in in vitro studies.
The gastrointestinal system
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
Sharon J. White, Francis A. Carey
Helicobacter pylori is a microaerophilic, motile, spiral bacterium which is Gram negative by conventional bacteriological analysis. These organisms can be identified in, and cultured from, the stomachs of healthy individuals. In Western society, infection is more prevalent among older age groups, whereas in developing countries infection is very commonly acquired in childhood and is almost universal by middle age. Once infected, a few individuals can eliminate the organism, but the great majority develop a persisting chronic gastritis. H. pylori is transmitted from person to person, but the exact route (oral–oral, faecal–oral) is not clear. Infection is associated with low socioeconomic status and crowded living conditions.
Genomic diversity of Helicobacter pylori populations from different regions of the human stomach
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Daniel James Wilkinson, Benjamin Dickins, Karen Robinson, Jody Anne Winter
Helicobacter pylori typically first colonizes people in early childhood and then persists as a chronic, lifelong infection1. This usually results in gastritis, which is most often asymptomatic in nature.2 The chronic inflammatory nature of the infection, and the high mutation and recombination rate of this bacterium, are thought to contribute to a diverse bacterial population (quasispecies) within the infected gastric mucosa. Colonizing bacteria in the antrum and corpus regions of the human stomach will be exposed to different levels of acidity, inflammatory factors, access to sheltering glands and mucus. This variation in environmental conditions within stomachs may drive bacterial diversification over time. Particularly in high-prevalence areas, humans are colonized by multiple strains,3 further increasing this diversity. The high level of genetic diversity of H. pylori has implications for the design of successful eradication regimens and vaccines. However, the extent and characteristics of H. pylori diversity within infected individuals are not yet fully understood.
Gastroscopic results for the asymptomatic, average-risk population in Northern China: a cross-sectional study of 60,519 adults
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2022
Yan Gong, Juan Kang, Rilige Wu, Fulin Ge, Yan-song Zheng, Qiang Zeng
Chronic gastritis was diagnosed by referring to the Chinese consensus on chronic gastritis (2017, Shanghai) [11]. The basic manifestations of non-atrophic gastritis, such as erythema (punctured, flake and strip), rough and uneven mucosa, haemorrhagic spots/spots, mucosal oedema, hyperaemia and exudation, can be seen under endoscopy. The manifestations of atrophic gastritis under endoscopy are red and mostly white mucosa, flat or even absent folds, and some exposed mucosa and blood vessels, which may be accompanied by mucosal granules or nodules. Atrophic gastritis can be diagnosed if a biopsy of chronic atrophic gastritis shows inherent gland atrophy. To make a clear clinical diagnosis, 2–3 pieces of tissue were taken from the gastric antrum and lesser curvature of the stomach and gastric body for biopsy, as were suspicious lesions. Histological changes of chronic inflammation, activity, atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, and intraepithelial neoplasia were assessed according to the New Sydney Gastritis Classification [12] and Vienna Classification [13]. Chronic gastritis was diagnosed as chronic non-atrophic gastritis or chronic atrophic gastritis by endoscopy combined with histopathological examination.
Potential utility of nano-based treatment approaches to address the risk of Helicobacter pylori
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Sohaib Khan, Mohamed Sharaf, Ishfaq Ahmed, Tehsin Ullah Khan, Samah Shabana, Muhammad Arif, Syed Shabi Ul Hassan Kazmi, Chenguang Liu
The transmission of H. pylori from person to person can occur through saliva, and it might be spread out through the excrement of food or water, untreated water, poor hygiene, and crowded conditions that largely contribute to the prevalence of H. pylori infection [49]. In brief, it is more likely to be transmitted within the household conditions as it enters the body through the oral cavity and travels to the digestive system, where it infects the stomach or the first part of the small intestine, thereby causing inflammation at the targeted area. The most peculiar characteristic of H. pylori is to survive in the harsh acidic environment of the stomach. It produces urease upon entering the stomach, which then reacts with urea to form ammonia and neutralizes the surrounding environment, consequently leads to the overproduction of the stomach acid (Figure 1) illustrates the invasion of H. pylori infection in the stomach that comprises of six steps; 1) movement of the pathogen through normal stomach lining (mucosa), 2) causing inflammation of the stomach lining (chronic gastritis), 3) loss of stomach cells and weakening of digestive system (atrophic gastritis), 4) transformation of the stomach lining (intestinal metaplasia), 5) initial stages of stomach cancer (dysplasia), and finally cause stomach cancer (gastric adenocarcinoma) [49].