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Biological Effects and Medical Treatment
Published in Alan Perkins, Life and Death Rays, 2021
Once a radiation casualty has been confirmed the options for treatment are limited. In situations where the victim is contaminated with radioactivity it is necessary to remove clothing and wash any external contamination from the skin. If the victim can be treated immediately after the radioactivity has been swallowed, the radiation dose can be limited by removing radioactivity from the stomach, thereby preventing absorption by the small bowel. In the past this was undertaken by gastric lavage and pumping out the stomach contents. It is also possible to induce vomiting by giving an emetic agent that causes gastric irritation and sickness. Emetics such as salt or mustard solution, or syrup of ipecac have been used in the past, but since the administration of emetics can be dangerous, oral dosing of activated charcoal is often used to bind the poison, causing it to pass through the bowel and preventing absorption into the bloodstream.
Diseases of the Peripheral Nerve and Mononeuropathies
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Diana Mnatsakanova, Charles K. Abrams
Decreased intake or abnormal absorption: Poor nutrition in alcoholism.Chronic vomiting (e.g. hyperemesis gravidarum).Total parental nutrition.Gastric bypass surgery.Restrictive diets.Hyperthyroidism: increased metabolism and utilization of thiamine may result in a relative deficiency.
Locally Advanced, Unresectable Gastric Cancer
Published in Savio George Barreto, Shailesh V. Shrikhande, Dilemmas in Abdominal Surgery, 2020
Manish S. Bhandare, Vikram A. Chaudhari, Shailesh V. Shrikhande
Common symptoms associated with locally advanced gastric cancer include vomiting and nausea, bleeding (hematemesis and/or melena), abdominal pain, lump in epigastric region, unexplained weight loss, loss of appetite, and early satiety. Patients with tumors at the gastroesophageal junction or proximal stomach might also present with dysphagia. A symptom complex is more suggestive of gastric cancer rather than a single sign or symptom.
Cost-effectiveness of a novel, non-active implantable device as a treatment for refractory gastro-esophageal reflux disease
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2023
Sam Harper, Lukasz Grodzicki, Stuart Mealing, Liz Gemmill, Paul J. Goldsmith, Ahmed R. Ahmed
Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic gastrointestinal condition characterized by retrograde flow of gastric contents into the esophagus1. Common symptoms include heartburn, chest pain, regurgitation, bloating, excessive salivation, and impaired sleep1. GERD is a common disorder; its age-standardized prevalence was recently estimated at 8,819 (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 7,781–9,863) cases per 100,000 population globally and 9,920 (95% UI: 8,721–11,140) per 100,000 population in the UK2. Patients with GERD are at an increased risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma and its precursor lesion, Barrett’s esophagus, defined by a change in the lining of the esophagus from squamous to columnar epithelium3. In a recent meta-analysis, the prevalence of histologically confirmed Barrett’s esophagus in patients with GERD was 7.2%, while esophageal adenocarcinoma was rare, affecting 1.2% of patients with histologically confirmed Barrett’s esophagus and 0.1% of the broader population of patients with GERD4.
Naringenin modulates Cobalt activities on gut motility through mechanosensors and serotonin signalling
Published in Biomarkers, 2023
Adeola Temitope Salami, Ademola Adetokubo Oyagbemi, Moyosore Victoria Alabi, Samuel Babafemi Olaleye
The small intestine, is a part of the gastrointestinal tract responsible for nutritional absorption (from food), immunologic and endocrine functions (Denbow 2015, Mark and Bouwmeester 2017) besides motility. Motility within the small intestine enhances mixing, transit of secretions and digested contents from the stomach, and removal or ridding of ingested harmful or toxic substances not absorbed. Hunt et al. (1985) demonstrated that gastric emptying is hinged on the volume, composition, osmolality and caloric density of food ingested which is coordinated by the pyloric sphincter and duodenum activities. Mechanosensors (Alcaino et al. 2017) found along the small intestine aid these activities; examples of these include epithelial cells such as myenteric neurons, interstitial cells of Cajal, smooth muscle, enterochromaffin cells, glia, etc. The digestive system is propelled by the enteric nervous system (ENS) while gut hormones also regulate functioning of the intestine such as motility, secretion, cell proliferation, digestion and absorption (Ma and Lee 2020). Gastric emptying is regulated by its’ inhibitory and excitatory hormones which are also released from both the intestine and pancreas thus mediating or relating food intake, satiety, energy metabolism to gastric emptying (Goyal et al. 2019).
Diagnostic accuracy of linked colour imaging versus white light imaging for early gastric cancers: a prospective, multicentre, randomized controlled trial study
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Min Min, Xiaotian Sun, Jianying Bai, Qinsheng Zhang, Xiaocui Yang, Qiang Guo, Rong Wang, Bangmao Wang, Zhiwu Lv, Jie Pan, Chunmeng Jiang, Duanmin Hu, Bing Nong, Enqiang Linghu, Yan Liu
Gastric cancer is the seventh leading cause of death in China (1). The detection of gastric cancer at an early stage correlates with a good prognosis. However, the diagnosis of early gastric cancer (EGC) using conventional white light imaging (WLI) is occasionally difficult and has unsatisfactory sensitivity (2,3). Although new image-enhanced endoscopy (IEE) techniques, such as narrow band imaging (NBI) and blue laser imaging (BLI), are more useful than conventional WLI in detecting and diagnosing EGC, their effectiveness is still criticized because they may not provide sufficient brightness for a thorough examination of organs with large luminal diameters, such as the stomach, making them inappropriate for screening endoscopy (4,5). Furthermore, the efficacy of IEE without magnification in the detection of EGC remains controversial. To date, valid screening procedures for EGC have been lacking, and perfect endoscopic methods for the detection of EGC remain difficult to implement in current clinical practice; there is an urgent need to resolve these issues.