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Applications of Marine Biochemical Pathways to Develop Bioactive and Functional Products
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Toni-Ann Benjamin, Imran Ahmad, Muhammad Bilal Sadiq
The fish oil omega-3 industry is considering the purity and stability of the products extracted. Enzyme-assisted extraction is a common method for recovering oils at a large scale because it requires less energy, is cost-effective, and is easy to operate. Enzymatic hydrolysis is applied to improve the recovery of oil and protein from marine by-products. Recovery depends on the type of protease enzyme used and other contributing factors (pH, concentration, temperature) (Bonilla-Mendez & Hoyos-Concha, 2018). When recovering oil from tuna (Thunnus albacares) heads the enzymatic method exhibited the highest yield of EPA and DHA (Ali et al., 2021).
The Potential of Microbial Mediated Fermentation Products of Herbal Material in Anti-Aging Cosmetics
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Literature indicates that the most commonly observed mechanism by which fermentation transforms plant extracts is through the release of biologically active and more readily absorbed phenolics from their conjugated sugars. Glycosides are known to be hydrophilic due to the presence of a glycosyl group, which limits their application in topical cosmetics as they exhibit low skin permeability. The cleavage of glycosidic bonds to yield the aglycone form of several common phytochemicals is thought to primarily be caused by the action of enzymes such as β-glucosidases, which are particularly abundant in lactic acid bacteria. Aglycone components such as naringenin and caffeic acid tend to exhibit more hydrophobic properties and a lower molecular weight, which enables enhanced skin permeation. Alternative methods such as acidic or alkaline hydrolysis offer harsh conditions, which lead to the instability of active compounds, are not environmentally friendly and are cost intensive. This bids additional motivation for the adoption of techniques such as microbial fermentation. Similarly, enzymatic hydrolysis requires the implementation of cost-intensive purified enzymes, which is not economically feasible (Kim et al., 2010; Lee et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2016; Nam et al., 2020).
Phosphonic Acids In Nature
Published in Richard L. Hilderbrand, The Role of Phosphonates in Living Systems, 2018
Richard L. Hilderbrand, Thomas O. Henderson
In addition to the resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis, there are some structural considerations of importance. The presence of an alkyl ether in the glycerophosphonolipids imparts an inert character to the molecule but does not disturb the normal lipid interaction (see Chapter 5, Section V). The presence of AEP in the spingosine may provide a molecule of even more inert character in the hydrocarbon backbone than the glycerophosphonolipids, but which display the normal physico-chemical behavior of nonphosphonate lipids in membranes. One might speculate that if the C–P bond provides resistance to oxidation, a class of compounds may have developed that not only contains the C–P bond but a linkage of C-C-C of the ceramides rather than C-O-C of the plasmalogens.
Therapeutic potential of plant iridoids in depression: a review
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Yaoyao Kou, Zhihao Li, Tong Yang, Xue Shen, Xin Wang, Haopeng Li, Kun Zhou, Luyao Li, Zhaodi Xia, Xiaohui Zheng, Ye Zhao
In addition, geniposide-solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are a promising delivery system, with a study showing that SLNs production can assist improve bioavailability (Wang F et al. 2014). González et al. (2020) developed a strategy for embedding iridoid compounds by spray drying olive leaf extract with maltodextrin or inulin to improve the bioavailability of OE. Inhibiting enzymatic hydrolysis in vivo also enhanced bioavailability, according to a study by Dai et al. (2016). The relative oral bioavailability of d-cellobiose was improved by 72.13% (1:5) and 106.3% (1:10) when compared to the gentiopicroside group. To overcome the problem that exogenous BDNF does not directly cross the BBB, the researcher has developed a liposome that can carry exogenous BDNF through the BBB. In addition, phospholipid complex, microemulsion, or gel polymer micelles could be used to improve the pharmacokinetic characteristics of drugs and improve their oral bioavailability.
Bioactive Peptides as Therapeutic Adjuvants for Cancer
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2021
Nidia Quintal-Bojórquez, Maira Rubí Segura-Campos
Bioactive peptides are generally obtained from plant or animal protein sources and its beneficial effects have been reported in a wide range of studies. To obtain a bioactive peptide, it needs to be extracted from the parent protein, which can be achieved by several strategies like enzymatic hydrolysis, microbial fermentation or gastrointestinal digestion. However, enzymatic hydrolysis is the most common method for the extraction of bioactive peptide since it doesn’t produce toxic secondary metabolites, it can simulate gastrointestinal digestion and the time of reaction is shorter. Among the commercial enzymes successfully used for the extraction of bioactive peptides with anticancer activity are pepsin, pancreatin, alcalase, Flavorzyme, trypsin, chymotrypsin and papain (12). Figure 2 show a general flowchart of the obtention of bioactive peptides.
Unveiling the interaction profile of rosmarinic acid and its bioactive substructures with serum albumin
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2020
Christina Papaemmanouil, Maria V. Chatziathanasiadou, Christos Chatzigiannis, Eleni Chontzopoulou, Thomas Mavromoustakos, Simona Golic Grdadolnik, Andreas G. Tzakos
As an ester of caffeic acid and (R)-(+)3–(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) lactic acid, rosmarinic acid consists of two structural moieties: caffeic acid and (R)-(+)3–(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) lactic acid. (R)-(+)3–(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) lactic acid, known as salvianic acid, a natural compound which is not yet well defined and characterised. Although, there are chemical methods for producing salvianic acid, their yield remains low14–17. The most common synthetic procedures for salvianic acid involve its precursor 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, and, after numerous reaction steps, the obtained yield is very low while is produced a large amount of efflux15,18,19. An alternative method is its isolation from Salvia miltiorrhiza where salvianic acid is the active phytochemical substance and its extraction results to low yields as well20,21. Finally, another way of producing salvianic acid is its hydrolysis from rosmarinic acid or other natural products. Both the chemical and enzymatical methods have their own limitations. The chemical hydrolysis suffers from low yields while the enzymatic hydrolysis may be more efficient, due to high regioselectivity of the enzyme, although, more expensive.