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Bioelectric and Biomagnetic Signal Analysis
Published in Arvind Kumar Bansal, Javed Iqbal Khan, S. Kaisar Alam, Introduction to Computational Health Informatics, 2019
Arvind Kumar Bansal, Javed Iqbal Khan, S. Kaisar Alam
Besides these signals, there are subclasses of the bioelectrical signals used for monitoring health of various organs in the body. Three other major subclasses are: electroneurogram (ENG), electrogastrogram (EGG) and phonocardiogram (PNG) that are used for various diagnoses. ENG measures the nerve potential activity when a muscle nerve is activated. It differs from the EMG. EMG is a surface level potential change in response to electrical signal by motor neurons while ENG is in response to externally applied stimulus. ENG is used to test the conduction capability of nerve fibers. EGG is the measurement of the muscle activity of the gastric system when the patient is lying motionless on the back. PNG is the sound signal recording of the overall heart vibration. It is recorded by putting a microphone at the thorax – upper part of the human body between neck and the abdomen near the center of the rib that contains both heart and lungs. In this chapter, we will discuss four major bioelectrical signals: ECG, EEG, MEG and EMG.
Sleep and gastrointestinal functioning
Published in S.R. Pandi-Perumal, Meera Narasimhan, Milton Kramer, Sleep and Psychosomatic Medicine, 2017
In these studies, full PSG was conducted. In the study by Elsenbruch and colleagues, no difference was found in any of the sleep measures reported between IBS subjects and normals.75 However, the Heitkemper et al. study did show a significant prolongation of REM sleep.76 However, the study by Rotem and colleagues revealed sharply contrasting PSG data.77 In this study, they noted a number of significant PSG differences in the IBS subjects compared to control groups, including decreased slow wave sleep, increased arousal responses, and increased waking after sleep onset. Further research with larger sample sizes and stratification by IBS diagnostic subtypes may help elucidate and resolve these discrepancies. The original study by Kumar et al.69 documenting the enhancement of REM sleep in patients with IBS reported on only six individuals who had a single night of sleep subsequent to small bowel intubation for monitoring of intestinal motility. With a small number of subjects and no attempt to adapt individuals to the laboratory setting (even though a control group was used), there is a high probability that these results were spurious. Orr et al.78 attempted to replicate this study while at the same time noninvasively monitoring a GI measure so that more natural sleep could be obtained. Nine patients with IBS and nine control subjects were studied with full PSG monitoring, and gastric electrical activity was monitored by surface electrogastrogram. In this study, a statistically significant increase in REM sleep was documented in the patients with IBS, but the absolute level of REM sleep was not nearly in the range reported by Kumar et al.69 In addition, specific electrogastrographic changes were found to be associated with sleep in normal subjects that were not noted in patients with IBS. Normal volunteers showed a significant decrease in the spectral amplitude of the EGG three-cycle-per-minute rhythm during NREM sleep compared with the waking state. Of interest is the fact that during REM sleep, the amplitude was significantly increased to levels approaching those in the waking state. The patients with IBS failed to significantly modulate the amplitude of the dominant frequency of the gastric electrical rhythm during any of these states of consciousness. The lack of modulation of the dominant frequency of the electrogastrographic amplitude during sleep in patients with IBS raises the possibility that other autonomic abnormalities may be unmasked by further study of physiological functioning during sleep.
Gastroparesis syndromes: emerging drug targets and potential therapeutic opportunities
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2023
Le Yu Naing, Matthew Heckroth, Prateek Mathur, Thomas L Abell
For therapies of GpS to move forward beyond where they are today, pathophysiology need to be targeted. Pathophysiology can best be defined by physiologic, anatomic, or serologic markers, which can help define phenotypes. The newest physiologic markers for gastroparesis and related disorders are third-generation electrogastrogram technologies such as body surface mapping (BSM). These physiologic markers can help define phenotypes of Gp, which can then be used to help with therapeutic trials. The newest anatomic measures for GpS include full-thickness gastric biopsies, which help define specific tissue injury and thus can also help with specific phenotypes and thus targeted therapeutic trials. The newest serologic markers include not only those of inflammation, such as cytokines, but measures of autoimmunity and neurologically-based antibodies. The use of specific system markers can also help identify phenotypic subgroups that may respond to directed therapies.
Evaluation of myoelectrical activities of descending colon by electrointestinogram in patients with ATTRm amyloidosis
Published in Amyloid, 2019
Konen Obayashi, Teruaki Masuda, Masayoshi Tasaki, Yukio Ando, Mitsuharu Ueda
Gastrointestinal complications are common in hereditary transthyretin (ATTRm) amyloidosis. Although we previously reported that electrogastrogram (EGG) data might be useful markers to know the levels of gastric myoelectrical activities in patients with ATTRm amyloidosis even in early stage [1], we have not been present the data of electrointestinogram (EIG) in these patients because of technical limitations. However, we newly established a cutaneous EIG recording method. In this study, we evaluated the myoelectrical activities of descending colon in ATTRm amyloidosis using cutaneous EIG, and assessed its potential as an evaluating marker for the early detection of gastrointestinal dysfunction in these patients.
Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulators: a review of past, present, and future devices
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Lei Wang, Yu Wang, Yifei Wang, Fang Wang, Jinling Zhang, Shaoyuan Li, Mozheng Wu, Liang Li, Peijing Rong
An important aspect of the closed-loop stimulation is selection of an appropriate, preferably neural biomarker [108]. Burger et al. [109]proposed potential biomarkers of taVNS, such as somatosensory evoked potentials [110], salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol [111], electrogastrogram [112,113], and microneurography [52,114].