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Serotonin as an Intestinal Secretagogue
Published in T.S. Gaginella, J.J. Galligan, SEROTONIN and GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTION, 2020
The intestinal secretory effects of hyperserotoninemia were studied further in conscious dogs with chronically cannulated, exteriorized proximal jejunal segments. The basal absorptive state was significantly changed to a secretory state when 5-HT was infused (30 μg/kg/min, i.v.). The effect disappeared with the cessation of the infusion.52–54 In the same model, intraluminal perfusion of the jejunal loops with 5-HT (1.2 μg/min) also induced net water secretion.55 In the anaesthetized rat, when applying 5-HT to the jejunal serosa in concentrations ranging from 10−6 to 10−2M, only a small and short lasting secretory effect was seen.56 In another experiment, 5-HT given intraarterially in a dose that accelerated ileocolonic transit (7.74 mmol/kg) did not significantly alter ileal fluid transport.57 When the amine was infused close intraarterially into a branch of the superior mesenteric artery, on the other hand, it dose-dependently (0.16–1.6 μg/min) reversed net fluid absorption to net fluid secretion in the rat jejunum in vivo.35
Diabetes
Published in Judy Bothamley, Maureen Boyle, Medical Conditions Affecting Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2020
Placental glucose transport to the fetus is not dependent on insulin. During the post-absorptive state, when the supply of glucose has diminished, plasma glucose levels fall as the fetus drains the supply. Glucose supply to the mother’s central nervous system is preferentially maintained5.
Energy balance and its regulation
Published in Geoffrey P. Webb, Nutrition, 2019
Various satiety signals have been proposed and investigated over the years. These fall into the following three major categories. Signals emanating from the alimentary tract and transmitted via sensory nerves or hormones released from the gut. These would provide information about the amount and the nature of food in the gut. Blood substrate levels. After eating, the blood concentration of substrates like glucose and amino acids rises as they are absorbed from the gut. These concentrations fall in the post-absorptive state. If we eat three meals per day and they each take around 4 h to digest and absorb, then for most of our waking hours we are absorbing food. The notion that blood glucose concentration or the rate of glucose utilisation is a major satiety signal has historically been very popular – the glucostat theory. Signals that emanate from adipose tissue and indicate the level of body fat stores – the lipostat theory.
Effects of Exercise With and Without Energy Replacement on Substrate Utilization in the Fasting State
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2020
Jie Kang, Saif B. Hasan, Nicole A. Ellis, Ira T. Vought, Nicholas A. Ratamess, Jill A. Bush, Avery D. Faigenbaum
Experimental treatments included (1) NE, (2) EO, and (3) ER. All treatments occurred in the afternoon when subjects were in the post-absorptive state at least 3 hours after lunch. The NE served as a control condition in which subjects remained seated in the laboratory for the duration equivalent to the exercise protocol in EO and ER. The exercise protocol consisted of treadmill running at 60% VO2max with duration determined based on an energy expenditure of 500 kcal. Given the differences in body mass, exercise duration differed among individuals, ranging from 50 to 70 min. In ER, the exercise protocol was the same as EO except that calories expended during running were replaced by a meal to eliminate the exercise-induced energy deficit. The replacement meal consisted of 11 oz. of muscle milk and two chewy nut bars and contained 500 kcal made up by 45% carbohydrate, and 30% fat, and 25% protein. The replacement meal was provided upon completion of exercise and all subjects were able to consume it within 30 minutes post-exercise. VO2 and RER were measured throughout each treatment and data were used to further calculate energy expenditure (EE). During the treatment, subjects removed their accelerometer so that their energy balance analysis on Day 1 would not include the energy expenditure incurred during the treatment.
Closed-loop insulin delivery: current status of diabetes technologies and future prospects
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2018
MDI therapy remains the commonest treatment modality for T1D [11]. The recommended regimen in modern T1D management is a combination of basal (long-acting) and bolus (rapid-acting) subcutaneous insulin therapy. Basal insulin analogs are administered either once or twice daily, and bolus insulin is administered at mealtimes or when additional doses are required to correct hyperglycaemia [11,12]. The role of basal insulin is primarily to maintain glycaemia in the fasting or post-absorptive state. Traditional basal analogs however do not offer a stable, 24-h profile, often resulting in glycaemic variability and hypoglycaemia, especially overnight [13]. Newer, ultra-long acting basal insulins such as Degludec appear to address these issues to some extent, due to its relatively more stable pharmacokinetic properties [14,15]. Bolus insulin is given either in fixed doses or titrated according to carbohydrate load, with the latter currently recommended in clinical practice [12]. Due to the need for daily injections, MDI therapy is associated with increased treatment discomfort, stigma, and burden [16]. Thus a key driver for innovation in this field is to develop technologies which can improve diabetes outcomes while significantly reducing disease burden [9].
Restorative Effect of Semecarpus Anacardium on Altered Energy Metabolism in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus–Induced Cardiac Dysfunction in Rats
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2020
Suganthi Subramani, Haseena Banu Hedyathullah Khan, Shanthi Palanivelu, Sachidanandam Thiruvaiyaru Panchanadham
Reduction of glucose metabolism is believed to be an important mechanism in diabetic cardiomyopathy (Belke et al. 2000), and restoration of cardiac glucose metabolism improves diabetic heart function. Defective glycolysis in the heart of diabetic patients and in experimental diabetic animal models has been reported (Rodrigues and McNeill 1992). In type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hyperglycemia results from both lack of suppression of hepatic glucose production in the absorptive state and excessive glucose production in the postabsorptive state. Significant decreases in the activities of glycolytic enzymes hexokinase, phosphoglucoisomerase, and aldolase were observed in CVD-induced diabetic rats consistent with those of other studies (Radhika and Krishnakumari Sudarsanam 2010).