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Detection Assays and Techniques Against COVID-19
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Shahzad Sharif, Maham Saeed, Javed Hussain Shah, Sajjad Hussain, Ahmad Adnan, Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz
WBE, i.e., Wastewater-based epidemiology is being utilized to identify different bio-markers, involving illegal and legal chemicals, markers of population size, pharmaceutical, and personal care products, industrial, and biological chemicals. Human viruses (like enteroviruses, astroviruses, noroviruses, saliviruses, rotaviruses, etc.), these also recognized in waste-water, pointing WBE have high value potential in viral outbreaks, timely detection by properly monitoring the quantity and types of varieties of viruses in wastewaters. In general, WBE may permit data for virus as well as within the boundary of treatment plants lead to the existence of viruses in the watershed. The COVID-19 outburst is because of SARS-CoV2 which has caused the clear-cut danger for humanity. This has been proposed as COVID-19 can be confirmed in patient’s fecal specimens, SARS-CoV2 can be identified from countries, e.g., China, US Germany, Korea, and Singapore. The research including 10 confirmed pediatric COVID-19 patients provided clear evidence of SARS-CoV2 [124]. Sewage system of target cities in connection with sewage samples of virus SARS-CoV2 can be determined.
Understanding the Role of Existing Technology in the Fight Against COVID-19
Published in Ram Shringar Raw, Vishal Jain, Sanjoy Das, Meenakshi Sharma, Pandemic Detection and Analysis Through Smart Computing Technologies, 2022
It has been reported that the fecal matter of infected human beings contains coronavirus [43, 44]. This poses the threat of infection spreading through wastewaters, and hence requires measures to ensure proper treatment of wastewater. As discussed in the previous sub-section, UV radiations are effective in destroying coronavirus and thus can be utilized to treat large amounts of water in a short span. Moreover, Venugopal et al. [42] proposed electro-spun nanofiber membrane to capture coronavirus (CoVs) from wastewater, which could then be analyzed for possible contamination. This way areas with CoVs could be targeted for faster isolation and containment. Such an action was taken in The Netherlands by taking wastewater samples and testing them before and after treatment [45]. It was found that the untreated water tested positive, while the treated water contained viral RNA. However, it could not be established whether the virus was infectious or not. The wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) model has been previously implemented to monitor and control polio and hepatitis A [46]. Hence, such technique could prove to be useful for a macro-level analysis of the spread of an infection.
Clinical Effects of 2C-B Abuse
Published in Ornella Corazza, Andres Roman-Urrestarazu, Handbook of Novel Psychoactive Substances, 2018
Esther Papaseit, Clara Pérez-Mañá, Débora González, Francina Fonseca, Marta Torrens, Magí Farré
Lately, analyses from wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) in the general population and anonymous pooled urine (subpopulation, urban night-club areas during night-time musical festivals) have provided more information on the recreational use of NPS (Borova, Gago-Ferrero, Pistos, & Thomaidis, 2015; Kinyua et al., 2015; Gonzalez-Mariño et al., 2016; Bade et al., 2017). In the case of 2C-B, it has been recently identified for the first time in wastewater using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (Causanilles et al., 2017).
Infectious disease burden among forcibly displaced populations: considerations for effective research
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2023
Consequently, is the appropriate comparator for refugee health studies the host population, especially if it is geographically distant? Instead of ‘is there a difference in AMR burden or microbiome composition between refugees and migrants and a host population?’, a better research question may be ‘what socioeconomic and health determinants or lifestyle factors are unique to different phases of migration and may lead to changes in the microbiome, AMR development or infection?’ These phases include pre-migration, transit, arrival, integration and, if applicable, return. Again, determinants and factors may not truly be ‘unique to refugees’ and impact many different populations. This research can thus have broader implications. Performing cohort-matched studies on individuals can be challenging, both ethically and logistically, and so new detection methods such as wastewater-based epidemiology may serve as a novel, innovative and anonymous approach to answering research questions regarding lifestyle changes such as diet, AMR, and the microbiome and how it changes during migration and displacement.
Social media’s impact on widespread SARMs abuse
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2023
Henrik A. Hahamyan, Nikhil Vasireddi, James E. Voos, Jacob G. Calcei
Despite the lack of robust clinical research, safety data, and even reliable purchasing sources, these World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited substances have continued to see annual increases in positive test results by means of novel hair, nail, urine, and blood detection methods [9]. Famous SARMs-related doping cases on the professional level, such as Chijindu Ujah (Ostarine and S-23), Joakim Noah (LGD-4033), and the controversial case of Laurence Vincent Lapointe (LGD-4033), have circulated throughout social media bringing further attention to the drugs’ performance enhancing capabilities [10–12]. Broadly, a 2021 online based randomized response technique (RRT) survey found that 2.7% of male gym-goers in the Netherlands have used SARMs specifically [13]. True population prevalence is likely higher as illegal substance use is commonly underreported, so indirect SARMs prevalence measures like wastewater-based epidemiology are being studied [14]. Analysis of social media trends suggests just that, SARMs usage is growing.