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Aedes-aegypti organophosphate resistance detection in the Rawasari subdistrict of Central Jakarta, Indonesia, as an effort for dengue hemorrhagic fever vector control
Published in Ade Gafar Abdullah, Isma Widiaty, Cep Ubad Abdullah, Medical Technology and Environmental Health, 2020
A. Hardjanti, I. Indrawati, E. Donanti, H. Wibowo, Z. Zulhasril
World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines suggests that organophosphate and pyrethroid are the insecticides of choice for adult mosquito control and as a larvacide. This type of insecticide is widely used in households and is easily obtained as a spray to prevent mosquito bites regardless of DHF incidence in the area. This practice helps increase organophosphate resistance. Pimsamarn and colleagues (2009) report an organophosphate and parathyroid resistance in Ae. aegypti in northern Thailand. Shinta and colleagues also report malathion and pyrethroid resistance in Denpasar (Sukowati 2010). Organophosphate exposure will increase the level of nonspecific esterase enzymes (NSE) in mosquitos and reduce their susceptibility to insecticides. The level of these enzymes can be detected by microplate assay, and mosquito susceptibility can be assessed by measuring absorbance value from the ELISA test.
Yellow Fever
Published in James H. S. Gear, CRC Handbook of Viral and Rickettsial Hemorrhagic Fevers, 2019
Wilbur G. Downs, Robert E. Shope
Knowledge of the vector led to intensive studies of the biology, ecological requirements, and biogeographical distribution of the specific vector Aedes aegypti, these studies rapidly led to the devising of mosquito control methods. Mosquito control, more specifically Aedes aegypti control, led to disappearance of yellow fever in Havana, the Panama Canal Zone, and cities of the Caribbean and South American tropics. Such measures were also effective in control of the disease in West African port cities. After the feat of complete eradication of Aedes aegypti from Brazil11, and with the advent of the extremely potent insecticides after W.W. II, including DDT, Malathion, and Gammexane, the Pan American Health Organization embarked upon a campaign of complete eradication of the mosquito from the Americas. There was success in many countries and islands, but with development of insecticide resistance in the target mosquitoes, this campaign foundered. Nonetheless, active mosquito control is recommended and still carried out in many urban concentrations, particularly when they are faced with the possibility of importation of yellow fever, infected mosquitoes or human cases, from uncontrolled regions. The literature on Aedes aegypti is enormous, ably summarized by Christophers.12
Austere Environments
Published in Kenneth D Boffard, Manual of Definitive Surgical Trauma Care: Incorporating Definitive Anaesthetic Trauma Care, 2019
In 2003, in Liberia, nearly 20% of 225 deployed US marines developed malaria; it was subsequently found that only 10% of the population at risk had been compliant with chemoprophylaxis and none had slept under mosquito nets. Attention must be paid to the existing threats and simple measures are effective: anti-malarial prophylaxis, long-sleeves at dawn and dusk, repellent, sleeping under nets, and mosquito control measures.
Oxitec and MosquitoMate in the United States: lessons for the future of gene drive mosquito control
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2021
Cynthia E. Schairer, James Najera, Anthony A. James, Omar S. Akbari, Cinnamon S. Bloss
When weighing these unknowns and difficult-to-predict outcomes with the threat of widespread outbreaks of dengue and Zika, many mosquito control professionals are open to exploring the possibilities of GE and GD mosquito control systems. The question raised again and again by groups of scientists and international organizations is, ‘How should public input be incorporated into plans to test and deploy these systems?’ [16–21] As public health interventions, these systems will impact everyone, although not necessarily equally. When testing novel medical interventions with unknown outcomes, individual informed consent is the model [22]. But individual consent from all community members for field trials of mosquito control systems is not possible. Aside from the practical impossibility of obtaining unanimous consent before going forward, it is also difficult to ensure that the appropriate stakeholders are identified and engaged. Furthermore, to be effective mosquito control requires on-going intervention and surveillance in shared environments and therefore must be decided on and supported collectively over time.
Cellular mechanisms regulating synthetic sex ratio distortion in the Anopheles gambiae germline
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2020
Roya Elaine Haghighat-Khah, Atashi Sharma, Mariana Reis Wunderlich, Giulia Morselli, Louise Anna Marston, Christopher Bamikole, Ann Hall, Nace Kranjc, Chrysanthi Taxiarchi, Igor Sharakhov, Roberto Galizi
Malaria is one of the most severe global health problems. Caused by the Plasmodium parasite, malaria was responsible for an estimated 435,000 deaths in 2017, mostly in Africa [1]. The Anopheles gambiae complex includes the most efficient vectors of human malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Only the female mosquitoes take human blood meals to obtain essential nutrients for the development of their eggs and transmit the malaria-causing parasites during an infective bite. The use of genetic control to reduce the population of malaria vectors offers a new promising tool to complement existing mosquito control strategies that aim to reduce the public health burden of malaria. One of the most powerful genetic control approaches proposed, known as sex ratio distortion (SD), requires the development of fully fertile Anopheles male mosquitoes that are able to produce a normal number of progenies but mostly consisting of males. Their release in wild populations would cause a progressive reduction in the number of malaria-transmitting females and, at the same time, diminish their population size. Naturally occurring male-biased SD systems (also defined as natural ‘meiotic drivers’), found in Aedes aegypti [2] and Culex pipiens [3] males, are associated with preferential breakage of sex chromosomes during the first meiotic division [2,3].
A review of the economic evidence of Aedes-borne arboviruses and Aedes-borne arboviral disease prevention and control strategies
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
Ryan Thompson, Jorge Martin Del Campo, Dagna Constenla
To reduce the spread of these viruses, recent advances in DENV research could result in development of new tools that can be used to prevent and control of Aedes-borne arboviruses. These include vaccines, antiviral drugs, therapeutic antibodies, biomarkers for progression to severe disease, and biological, genetic and insecticidal mosquito control methods, all of them are being developed in a wide variety of academic, private, and governmental institutions [4–8]. The only licensed DENV vaccine, Sanofi Pasteur’s Dengvaxia®, which has now been registered in 20 DENV endemic countries, received a WHO SAGE revised recommendation in April 2018 [9]. But experts advise against using this vaccine until clinicians can confirm prior dengue infection at the time of administration [10]. The emergence of ZIKV has accelerated research in vaccines and the development of other preventive measures to control Aedes-borne arboviruses [11]. However, the majority of these measures will be available in the next 3–5 years; none will likely be sufficient if used alone [12]. The combination of new strategies in an integrated and synergistic way may result in the prevention of significant arboviral epidemics [13].