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Evolutionary Biology of Parasitism
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2023
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
These examples hint at the power of methods springing from the availability of whole-genome sequencing to reveal microevolutionary processes. They also highlight the convergence of the fields of population genetics and molecular epidemiology to better understand parasite biology. Molecular epidemiology seeks to use molecular approaches to identify sources, reservoirs and transmission patterns of infectious agents.
Search for causes of disease occurrence: Why does disease occur?
Published in Milos Jenicek, Foundations of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2019
After Higginson's pioneering approach182, Perera and Weinstein183 originally defined molecular epidemiology as ‘… an approach in which advanced laboratory methods are used in combination with analytical epidemiology to identify at the biochemical or molecular level, specific exogenous agents and/or host factors that play a role in human cancer causation …’ Dorman184 sees it rather in broader terms as ‘… a science that focuses on the contribution of potential genetic and environmental risk factors, identified at the molecular and biochemical level, to the etiology, distribution and prevention of disease within families and across populations. It differs from traditional genetic epidemiology in that it equally focuses on environmental and inherited cases of disease …’ The study of biological markers at the cellular and subcellular level, of genetic damage, or mutations are just a few examples of this more refined approach, which tries to elucidate mechanisms ‘inside the cause–effect black-box’. First used in the field of cancer,185,186 concepts, methods and techniques of molecular epidemiology expanded into other fields such as atherosclerosis,187 diabetes188 or infectious diseases,189–191 to name just a few.
Of what are epidemics the symptom?
Published in Ann H. Kelly, Frédéric Keck, Christos Lynteris, The Anthropology of Epidemics, 2019
Molecular epidemiology provides another approach. As an epidemiologist once told me, ‘viruses don’t lie’, and molecular methods allow sexual networks to be elucidated as never before. The closer two viruses are (from two patients) the more ‘linked’ they are – therefore the viruses of two sexual partners are more alike than the viruses of their partners’ partners’ partners. Molecular epidemiology plots individual viruses sampled from patients by genetic distance, which corresponds to the likelihood that patients are part of the same chain of transmission. Phylogeny recapitulates kinship. Proximity translates into descent. Such studies have been used to identify ‘clusters’ of transmission; individuals who share a nearly identical virus and therefore most likely acquired it from each other.
Application of radiation omics in the development of adverse outcome pathway networks: an example of radiation-induced cardiovascular disease
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Omid Azimzadeh, Simone Moertl, Raghda Ramadan, Bjorn Baselet, Evagelia C. Laiakis, Soji Sebastian, Danielle Beaton, Jaana M. Hartikainen, Jan Christian Kaiser, Afshin Beheshti, Sisko Salomaa, Vinita Chauhan, Nobuyuki Hamada
Although maintaining linear and simplified biological pathways is the main philosophy behind the AOP approach, systems biology can provide the opportunity to give more mechanistic information, fill gaps in biological data, and translate them at different levels of the organism from molecule to cell up to the individual organism. The integrated approaches may facilitate profiling of the radiation response in a dose- and time-dependent manner to identify the critical exposure criteria leading to the adverse effect on individuals and populations. To fully translate this information at a population level, further research is needed on molecular epidemiology to test and validate the proposed connections between the AOPs and actual health outcomes. Such ‘big data’ approaches would typically use information from omics platforms, biobanks, and health registries. Such a comprehensive platform can identify attractive genes, proteins, or metabolites as measurable bioindicators for screening and risk assessment.
CIRCULATING CLONAL COMPLEXES AND SEQUENCE TYPES OF STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE SEROTYPE 19A WORLDWIDE: THE IMPORTANCE OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Yara Ruiz García, Javier Nieto Guevara, Patricia Izurieta, Ivo Vojtek, Eduardo Ortega-Barría, Adriana Guzman-Holst
The present review shows that the use of PCVs significantly reduced overall pneumococcal disease incidence associated with serotypes covered by these vaccines, NVTs, however, continued to circulate. Serotype 19A emerged as a predominant serotype worldwide due to the occurrence of serotype switching events, the emergence of new clones or expansion of existent clones with diverse antibiotic resistance, and potential vaccine-driven immune selection. Most of the available data covered the PCV7 and PCV13 eras and limited data were available on PHiD-CV. Genetic distribution, however, was heterogeneous between countries and regions, irrespective of PCV used. CC320 (ST320) and CC199 (ST199) related to Taiwan19F-14 and Netherlands15B-37 clones, respectively, were among the most predominant complexes globally. Other common genotypes were CC695 and CC1118 in the Americas, CC230 (ST230), CC63 and ST81 in Europe, and CC3111, ST172 in Asia. Most 19A isolates were MDR in both pre – and post-vaccination periods. The prevalence of MDR CCs was mainly caused by the emergence of existing MDR CCs and the occurrence of potential recombinations between resistant and non-resistant strains in the pre- and post-vaccination periods driven by antimicrobial pressure (unregulated use of antibiotics). High-quality active surveillance and future molecular epidemiology studies are needed to understand these patterns.
The reporting of observational studies of drug effectiveness and safety: recommendations to extend existing guidelines
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2021
Jacquelyn J. Cragg, Laurent Azoulay, Gary Collins, Mary A. De Vera, Mahyar Etminan, Fawziah Lalji, Andrea S. Gershon, Gordon Guyatt, Mark Harrison, Catherine Jutzeler, Rosemin Kassam, Tetyana Kendzerska, Larry Lynd, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Mohsen Sadatsafavi, Bobo Tong, Freda M. Warner, Helen Tremlett
The EQUATOR (Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of health Research) Network is an international initiative, launched in 2008, and seeks to improve the quality of scientific publications, including observational studies (www.equator-network.org) [51]. The Network maintains a comprehensive and up-to-date database of reporting guidelines relevant to health research. EQUATOR currently hosts more than 400 reporting guidelines. Specifically, EQUATOR has disseminated guidelines for a range of study designs including randomized trials (CONSORT) [52], observational studies (STROBE) [1], systematic reviews (PRISMA) [53], case reports (CARE) [54], qualitative research (SRQR) [55], diagnostic/prognostic studies (STARD) [56,57], quality improvement studies (SQUIRE) [58], economic evaluations (CHEERS) [59], pre-clinical animal studies (ARRIVE) [60], study protocols (SPIRIT) [61], and clinical practice guidelines (AGREE) [62]. Several extensions to these guidelines have also been published, including the CONSORT extension for reporting N-of-1 trials (CENT), the STROBE-ME for molecular epidemiology, and the Strengthening the reporting of Genetic Association studies (STREGA) [63–65]. More recently, extensions of the STROBE – RECORD and RECORD-PE – were developed for studies using routinely collected data and pharmaco-epidemiology studies.