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Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Musk ambrette is a synthetic nitro-musk fragrance that was formerly used in topical medications, detergents, food (37), women’s perfumes, in shaving products, talcum powders, deodorants, hair creams and gels (49), hair sprays, shampoos, soaps (49) and baby products (31). However, musk ambrette’s primary application was in men’s shaving cosmetics (shaving cream, aftershave lotion), because of its fixative properties, animal-like musk scent, low price and solubility in most cosmetic vehicles (27,41). Musk ambrette-related chemicals extracted from the scent glands of animals and some plants had been used for years before as fixatives and enhancers in perfumes, but they were (too) expensive and difficult to purchase because of shortage of material.
Biology of the Hair and Skin
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
The hair grows from follicles which resemble stocking-like invaginations of the epithelium enclosing an area of dermis known as the dermal paillae (Figure 2). The area of active cell division, the living area of the hair, is formed around the dermal papillae and is known as the bulb, where cell division occurs every 23 to 72 hr (34). The follicles slope into the dermis at varying angles, depending on body location and individual variation, and reside at varying levels between the lower dermis and the subcutaneous fat. In general, larger hairs come from more deeply placed follicles than do finer hairs (35). An arrector piii muscle attaches to the midsection of the follicle wall and ends at the junction between the epidermis and the dermis. In some body areas, a sebaceous gland (oil gland) and an apocrine gland (scent gland) attach above the muscle and open into the follicle. The point at which the arrector pili muscle attaches is known as the hair "bulge" and is considered to be the site where new matrix cells are formed and the hair growth cycle initiated. It takes approximately 3 weeks for a newly formed hair to appear at the scalp surface (36).
Photoallergy
Published in Henry W. Lim, Nicholas A. Soter, Clinical Photomedicine, 2018
Musk ambrette is a synthetic fragrance fixative used primarily in men’s cosmetics because of its potent floral odor. Related chemicals extracted from the scent glands of animals and from some plants have been used for years as fixatives and enhancers in perfumes. In the 1970s and 1980s, huge quantities were used in the United States in various cosmetics, primarily men’s after shave lotions and colognes. Concentrations of musk ambrette as high as 15% were used in such products. In the late 1970s reports of photoallergy began to appear in the literature. By the 1980s this agent was the most frequently reported cause of photoallergic contact dermatitis (22). Many of the men sensitized to musk ambrette developed persistent light reactivity/chronic actinic dermatitis. In 1985, the International Fragrance Association recommended that musk ambrette not be utilized in products in contact with skin. In other products a concentration of 4% or less is recommended (23).
Physiology of sweat gland function: The roles of sweating and sweat composition in human health
Published in Temperature, 2019
The apocrine gland is a second type of sweat gland, which was first recognized by Krause in 1844 and later named by Schiefferdecker in 1922 [20,21]. Apocrine sweat glands are located primarily in the axilla, breasts, face, scalp, and the perineum [21,22]. As shown in Figure 1, these glands differ from eccrine glands in that they are larger and open into hair follicles instead of onto the skin surface [12]. In addition, although present from birth, the secretory function of apocrine glands does not begin until puberty [23]. Apocrine glands produce viscous, lipid-rich sweat, which is also comprised of proteins, sugars, and ammonia [21,23]. The function of apocrine glands in many species is generally regarded as scent glands involved in production of pheromones (body odor), although this social/sexual function is rudimentary in humans. Apocrine gland innervation is poorly understood, but isolated sweat glands have been found to respond equally to adrenergic and cholinergic stimuli [23].