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Neuroendocrine Factors
Published in Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan, Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan
The neuroendocrine system (NES) works with the nervous system to regulate homeostasis. Additionally, to having normal homeostatic effects, the NES is involved in morphogenesis and exercise-induced homeostatic responses as well as chronic training alterations. Homeostasis is associated with the equilibrium and constancy of the internal environment. Providing mechanisms for regulation of functions involved in the internal environment (e.g., cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic systems) and homeostatic control requires systems that can sense information, organize a response, and deliver the response to the appropriate tissues. Both the nervous system and the endocrine system are structured in order to provide a mechanistic homeostatic control. These two systems are tightly integrated and operate together; the term “neuroendocrine system” reflects this interdependence (163). Thus, the primary function of the neuroendocrine system is homeostatic regulation. Importantly, the neuroendocrine system functions in promoting adaptations in various tissues and systems in concert with a changing external environment (e.g., training, nutrition, etc.).
Stress Management and Meditation
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
The levels of different hormones alter in reaction to stress. Responses to stress are related to increased secretion of many hormones, including prolactin, catecholamines, glucocorticoids and growth hormones, the outcome of which is to enhance the energy sources' mobilisation and modify the person to their new situation. The pituitary-adrenal axis activation is a renowned reaction of the neuroendocrine system to stress, encouraging endurance. Activation of the pituitary-adrenal axis results in CRF (corticotrophin-releasing factor) secretion from the hypothalamus. Subsequently, corticotropin-releasing factors encourage the pituitary to release adrenocorticotrophin hormone, 3-endorphin and 8-lipotropin. Levels of these hormones in the blood can enhance two to five times in humans during stress (Hargreaves, 1990).
The Potential Use of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Neurodegenerative Pathologies
Published in Marcela Albuquerque Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc, Jean Guy LeBlanc, Raquel Bedani, Lactic Acid Bacteria, 2020
Daiana E Perez Visñuk, María del Milagro Teran, Graciela Savoy de Giori, Jean Guy LeBlanc, Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc
The neuroendocrine system is responsible for the production of hormones and neuropeptides (Toni 2004, Prevot 2010). An important axis of this system is represented by the Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal axis (HPA), considered the main regulator of psychological and physical stress (Smith et al. 2014). The corticotrophin release factor (CRF) is responsible for regulating the HPA axis. This is generated in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and in response to stress releases the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the bloodstream which in turn induces the secretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol in humans and corticosterone in rodents). These glucocorticoids inhibit the synthesis and release of CRF and ACTH by binding to their receptor in the hypothalamus, and the body regulates the stress response. Chronic high cortisol blood levels negatively affect the brain activating the HPA pathway without regulation (Liu 2017). This activation can later affect the composition of the microbiota (dysbiosis) (de Punder and Pruimboom 2015, Kelly et al. 2015).
Subarachnoidal hemorrhage related cardiomyopathy: an overview of Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy and related cardiac syndromes
Published in Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 2022
Susan Deenen, Dharmanand Ramnarain, Sjaak Pouwels
Heart failure including TTS is a well-recognized complication of neurologic diseases. In normal physiology, the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems have an important role in the regulation of cardiac function [5,15]. The nervus vagus mediates the parasympathetic stimulation of the heart and leads to decreased heart rate, atrioventricular (AV) conduction, and ventricular excitability. Sympathetic stimulation leads to increased heart rate, AV conduction, and ventricular excitability and contractility. Also, the higher cerebral structures such as the frontal cortex, insula, amygdala, cingulate, hypothalamus, and periaqueductal gray matter influence cardiac function [5]. Furthermore, the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (neuroendocrine system) influences the cardiac system by creating a stress response and thereby releasing cortisol and catecholamines. Catecholamines influence adrenergic receptors (ARs), leading to increased heart rate, contraction, and changes in blood pressure [5]. How these pathways can be disrupted by neurological injury and thereby cause cardiac dysfunction is a complex process, and many theories are mentioned. However, most recent studies describe an important role for catecholamines [5,9,12,13]. This theory is generally believed to explain the pathophysiology of cardiac dysfunction in SAH patients. SAH can cause mild-to-severe cardiac dysfunction in the form of ECG changes, arrhythmias, LV dysfunction, and release of cardiac biomarkers. In SAH patients with elevated catecholamine levels, it is also described that cardiac enzymes are elevated [1,2,5,12,13].
Precursors of thymic peptides as stress sensors
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2020
Sergey Lunin, Maxim Khrenov, Olga Glushkova, Svetlana Parfenyuk, Tatyana Novoselova, E Novoselova
Based on the findings stated above a model is proposed in which the thymic hormones serve as a link between somatic cells, immune cells and the neuroendocrine system. In this model, precursors of thymic peptides, that are localized predominantly in the nucleus, abundant in somatic cells and involved in fundamental intracellular processes under normal conditions, react to specific stressors by changing localization and undergoing cleavage to form immunologically active peptides. Because such a response does not require any protein synthesis de novo it occurs very rapidly, with each protein forming a large pool, because of its main functionality. This cleavage may take place in steps, sequentially producing peptide fragments with different immunological effects that regulate different stages of the immune response. The increase in localized concentrations of different peptides and its fragments, Tα, Tβ4, Tmpo, thymulin, and THFγ2, in some somatic tissues may indicate the initial stages of different processes, such as necrosis, tissue damage, apoptosis, oxidative stress or heat-shock, respectively, that transmit an important signal to the immune system. Presumably this signal is capable of eliciting responses from immune cells which are associated with both innate and adaptive immunity in those specific localized areas. Given the rapid decomposition of peptides in blood plasma, such a signal will have a more or less local character or a pronounced gradient and will attract immune cells to a specific area and/or regulate immune cells located in this area.
An overview of the neuroendocrine system in Parkinson’s disease: what is the impact on diagnosis and treatment?
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2020
Neuroendocrinology is the field exploring bidirectional interaction between the nervous system and the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis of the organism [1]. The neuroendocrine system used to be described as the sets of neurons, glands, and non-endocrine tissues sharing co-production and responsiveness to a wide spectrum of neurochemicals, hormones, and humoral signals which participate in an integrated regulation of a physiological and behavioral state [2]. The central neuroendocrine system consists of the main axes including the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland and the target organs such as the adrenal glands, the thyroid, and the gonads. Apart from these hierarchically functioning axes based on the negative feedback loops, there are numerous neuroendocrine cells spread all over the body almost in every organ constituting also an integral component of the neuroendocrine system. This diffuse neuroendocrine system (APUD – amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation) actively participates in the neuroendocrine interactions [1].