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Antimicrobials during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Lindane (cream, lotion, or shampoo) is the most commonly used agent for both mites and lice. According to its manufacturer, lindane was not teratogenic in a variety of animals, although there are no adequate human reproduction studies. Lindane may be related to an increase in stillbirths in some animal studies (Faber, 1996). However, lindane may be absorbed systemically, which on rare occasions may lead to central nervous system toxicity (Feldman and Maibach, 1974; Orkin and Maibach, 1983). Although this adverse effect could also theoretically occur in the fetus, it would appear to be very unlikely and to date has not been reported. There is no information to suggest that any of the other agents listed in Box 2.19 cause adverse fetal effects, and thus all are apparently safe for use during pregnancy.
Agrochemicals: A Brief Overview
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Other organochlorines. Several other organochlorine insecticides were introduced in the late 1940s to early 1950s, and they have experienced wide use before being banned in most countries due to their persistence and environmental and human health effects. Lindane is the γ-isomer of benzene hexachloride, and remains available as a scabicide and pediculocide in lotions and shampoos, as a secondary line of treatment after pyrethroids, but has been banned from agricultural use. The primary use of chlordane was for termite control, while other compounds (e.g., dieldrin, heptachlor, and endrin) were primarily used in agriculture. All of these compounds have moderate to high acute oral toxicity; however, in contrast to DDT, they are readily absorbed through the skin. The primary target for their toxicity is the CNS, and convulsions are a prominent aspect of poisoning. These are due to the ability of these compounds to interfere with GABA-mediated neurotransmission by binding to the chloride channel, similarly to type II pyrethroids (82). These organochlorine compounds are slowly metabolized, have a tendency to bioaccumulate in adipose tissue, and are excreted in milk. Many are also inducers of microsomal biotransformation enzymes and cause liver enlargement upon chronic exposure (100). Most of these insecticides were banned in the United States at the same time as DDT; for example, aldrin and dieldrin were banned in 1975, toxaphene in 1982, and chlordane in 1988.
Environmental toxicants on Leydig cell function
Published in C. Yan Cheng, Spermatogenesis, 2018
Leping Ye, Xiaoheng Li, Xiaomin Chen, Qingquan Lian, Ren-Shan Ge
Lindane is an organochlorine insecticide that impaired rat reproductive system.184,185 Lindane inhibited LH-stimulated testosterone production by rat Leydig cells,186,187suggesting that the compound might affect testicular steroidogenesis.188 Indeed, lindane inhibited mouse CYP11A1 activity.189
The intercellular communications mediating radiation-induced bystander effects and their relevance to environmental, occupational, and therapeutic exposures
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Manuela Buonanno, Géraldine Gonon, Badri N. Pandey, Edouard I. Azzam
Initial evidence for the involvement of gap junctions in RIBE was generated after exposure of cell cultures to low fluences of broadbeam α particles. In studies involving confluent, density inhibited human diploid fibroblasts, a higher fraction of cells than predicted upregulated the level of stress inducible CDKN1A (p21Waf1). The effect was abrogated by treatment with the gap junction inhibitor lindane (Azzam et al. 1998). Direct evidence of the involvement of Cx43 was subsequently generated through genetic approaches revealing DNA damage and other stress responses in a higher fraction of cells than the nuclei traversed by α particles. The effect was observed only in CX43 wild-type and gap junction-competent cells (Azzam et al. 2001). The role of gap junctions in transmitting lethal and mutagenic effects to bystander cells was studied in a variety of other cell types exposed to low fluences of high LET particulate radiations (Zhou et al. 2001; Suzuki and Tsuruoka 2004; Suzuki et al. 2020) or photon radiation (Hoorelbeke et al. 2020). Together, the studies showed that radiation-induced elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is associated with gap junctional permeation of signaling molecules between irradiated and bystander cells. For example, due to its size and charge, Ca2+ easily permeates through gap junctions (Harris 2018), and previous studies have described the contribution of Ca2+ to bystander effects (Lyng et al. 2006).
History of bystander effects research 1905-present; what is in a name?
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2018
Carmel Mothersill, Andrej Rusin, Cristian Fernandez-Palomo, Colin Seymour
The involvement of GJIC was first reported by Azzam et al. (1998) and then confirmed by Azzam et al. (2001). In the first series of experiments, the team blocked the gap junctions using Lindane, which prevented the production of bystander effects. Lindane is known to reduce membrane permeability, gap junction number and/or connexin-43 expression (Guan et al. 1995). In the second set of experiments, the authors found that bystander effects were not induced in human epithelial cells that lacked gap junctions, whereas effects were observed in epithelial cells with normal GJIC. In a follow up study, the authors reported that low doses of alpha particles stimulated the expression of connexin-43, which is one of the proteins required for gap junction formation (Azzam et al. 2003). Altogether, these studies suggested that gap junctions play a crucial role in the communication of bystander effects. However, Mothersill and Seymour reported the involvement of intercellular soluble factors – as means of bystander communication – around the same time the GJIC findings were published (Mothersill and Seymour 1997). In their experiments, they showed that exposure of cells to the culture medium from irradiated epithelial cells reduced the clonogenic survival of unirradiated cells. The following year (Mothersill and Seymour 1998), the researchers reported that cell-to-cell contact among the irradiated cells was not required for the release of bystander signals into the medium, and that the exposure of cells to the conditioned medium for thirty minutes was sufficient to induce the bystander effect.
Pesticides exposure through environment and risk of pre-term birth: a study from Agra city
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2019
M. Anand, L. Singh, P. Agarwal, R. Saroj, A. Taneja
Humans are exposed in their daily life to multiple environmental chemicals present in the environment including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) that are known for high stability, extremely long life, low biodegradability and long half-life making them to remain actively which allow them to persistent in the environment (Landrigan et al.2012, Thomas et al.2012, Kaushik et al.2016). Because of extensive historical use of organochlorine pesticides in agriculture, they are ubiquitous in air, water, soil, food items etc. and got biomagnified through food chain (Dewan et al.2013). Increased OCPs residuals have been found in different human matrices such as in blood, placental tissues, amniotic fluid, semen, breast milk, adipose tissue, tumor tissue etc. that cause wide series of acute and chronic health effects and diseases. Moreover, the reproductive toxicity and presence of OCPs in pregnant women gets transferred to the fetus and increases the chances to impact negatively the overall development of the baby (Falcon et al.2004, Pant et al.2004, Devanathan et al.2009, Dewan et al.2013). Due to their xenoestrogenic nature, organochlorine pesticides can disturb the normal estrogen–progesterone balance, which is important in the maintaining the pregnancy and these chemicals may induce pre-term labor (Torres-Arreola et al.2003, Pathak et al.2009). Gamma HCH (lindane), is produced and used as pesticide on fruit, vegetables, animals and animal premises, having potential to alter the levels of thyroid, pituitary and sex hormones in females and impaired level of sex hormone may interfere with the normal pregnancy.