China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Dignity in mental health: listening to the flying saint
Published in Milika Ruth Matiti, Lesley Baillie, Paula McGee, Dignity in Healthcare, 2020
Gemma Stacey, Theodore Stickley
What became established during this fairly recent era, however, was the recognition that ‘madness’ or ‘lunacy’ was in fact a medical condition. This apparent progression in thinking coincided with the rise of the medical profession and it was at this point in history that ‘madness’ became medicalised. As such, mental illnesses had symptoms; these symptoms could be interpreted by a medical practitioner as symptoms of a recognisable illness. Thus, the illness could be diagnosed and a treatment could be prescribed. While on the one hand this significant development was seen as scientific progress, on the other hand people’s social, psychological and emotional experiences came to be regarded as ‘illness’. Therefore, people often received treatment inappropriately. Sometimes these treatments were later considered barbaric. For example, people were admitted to asylums for reasons we would now consider extraordinary, such as being pregnant outside wedlock, for having religious experiences, for being homosexual. Treatments included mechanical restraints, straitjackets, muzzles and so on. In the last century, insulin shock therapy was introduced, as well as electroconvulsive therapy, which is still used today. Thousands of people had parts of their brains removed through a procedure called ‘lobotomy’. At the time, these treatments were not generally considered barbaric; rather, they were implemented because they were based upon the best evidence of the day.
Introduction to Bioresponsive Polymers
Published in Deepa H. Patel, Bioresponsive Polymers, 2020
Deepa H. Patel, Drashti Pathak, Neelang Trivedi
In recent days, the blood sugar monitoring and open-loop intelligent drug delivery based insulin injection treatment is still the crucial management of type 1 and advanced type 2 diabetes [49]. Apart from existence both painful and inconvenient, it is enormously challenging to tightly regulate blood glucose levels (BGLs) as follows, which clues to a great threat of diabetes complications. Likewise, hypoglycaemias can consequence in fatal insulin shock. Hence, there is a remarkable need for glucose-responsive ‘closed-loop’ treatments that mimic the function of the healthy pancreas and work in a self-regulated manner.
Medication: Nanoparticles for Imaging and Drug Delivery
Published in Harry F. Tibbals, Medical Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine, 2017
Ever since the discovery of insulin, efforts have been underway to find an alternative to incutaneous injection with hypodermic needles. Besides the inconvenience and discomfort of injection, there are risks of improper dosage and rates of release. Insulin is released in controlled amounts by the pancreas in response to changes in blood sugar and other network stimuli, which are difficult to simulate by injections. And accidental injection of insulin directly into the bloodstream results in insulin shock, a dangerous and potentially fatal condition of hypoglycemia.
A New Field in Mind: A History of Interdisciplinarity in the Early Brain Sciences
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2023
The origin and transfer of EEG from Germany to America and other countries was essential for clinical and research work on epilepsy from the 1930s to the present and played a key role in neuroscience development. Two German-Jewish refugees from Nazism, Paul F.A. Hoefer (1903–1981) and Hans Löwenbach (1905–1983), also brought EEG to America, and they along with others listed above were founders of the American EEG Society in the 1940s (later the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society). This was truly an interdisciplinary society, with neurologists, basic scientists (physiology, biochemistry, biophysics), psychologists, and psychiatrists being charter members (Stone and Hughes 2013; Zeidman 2020). Although Stahnisch does mention shock treatment and Austrian-Jewish psychiatrist Manfred Sakel’s (1900–1957) transfer of insulin shock treatment from Vienna to New York, omitting discussion of EEG’s neuroscientific interdisciplinary beginnings and links to eugenics, forced migration, and later knowledge transfer was a missed opportunity given his themes.
Legal Regulation of Psychosurgery: A Fifty-State Survey
Published in Journal of Legal Medicine, 2019
Roland Nadler, Jennifer A. Chandler
Our review of the many laws and regulations collected for this research has yielded several cross-cutting observations. One of these was introduced in a previous section—namely, that the law quite frequently regulates psychosurgery alongside certain other procedures including abortion, sterilization, electroconvulsive therapy, insulin shock, aversive conditioning, antipsychotic drug treatment or other psychopharmacological intervention, organ removal, amputation, experimentation or experimental treatment, commitment to an institution, and withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment.
Review and meta-analysis of add-on tranylcypromine with antipsychotic drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia with predominant negative symptoms: a restoration of evidence
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2021
Chronic schizophrenic patients of the early 1960 years may have had different treatments in prior episodes of hospitalization compared to recent patients such as cardiazol and insulin shock therapy. The degree of hospitalization was higher and the duration of hospitalization was considerable longer. These confounders may reduce directness of the results according to evidence grading with respect to recent patients. However, it seems that the authors were aware that it is necessary to exclude at least leucotomized patients as done in one study33.