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Translational Research
Published in Goh Cheng Soon, Gerard Bodeker, Kishan Kariippanon, Healthy Ageing in Asia, 2022
Aging is related to a decline of gonadal hormone in both sexes: andropause in men and menopause in women. In men, reductions in testosterone can initiate a fall in bone mass, muscle mass, and physical function. In women, the effect of estradiol on bones is well known, but there is only some evidence regarding whether decline of estradiol adversely impacts muscle mass and physical function. Nevertheless, the lack of anabolic hormones has been demonstrated to predict health status and longevity in people of an older age. Thus, whether targeted HRT may have an effect in treating age-associated sarcopenia, cancer cachexia, and acute or chronic illnesses merits attention. HRT in women may prevent and reverse fall in bone mass, muscle mass, and physical function and perhaps enhance healthy aging and longevity (Horstman et al., 2012).
Fenugreek in Management of Female-Specific Health Conditions
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
The beneficial effects of fenugreek are supported by ameliorating the animal model of PCOS in female albino rats (Magdy Mohamady et al. 2018). Twenty-one days of oral administration of fenugreek seed extract (100 mg/kg, once a day, for 21 days) to letrozole-induced in albino rats showed the disappearance of these cysts and increased number of corpora lutea indicating successful ovulation, with normal follicular maturation during microscopic evaluations (Magdy Mohamady et al. 2018). However, the gold standard for evaluating pathophysiology of the absence of gonadal hormone effects such as infertility or menopause in female animal models and possible treatment options is the ovariectomy (OVX) or surgical removal of the ovaries (Koebele and Bimonte-Nelson 2016). Aqueous extract of fenugreek seed in 5 ml of drinking water and fenugreek seed powder in 5 g of food at a dose equivalent to 450 mg/kg/day and 900 mg/kg/day, demonstrated estrogenic effects such as prominent vaginal opening, increased thickening of uterine tissue, uterine weight, epithelial cell proliferation and rapid extension of stromal and glandular cell proliferation (Brogi et al. 2019). These results supported the estrogenic potential of fenugreek phytoestrogens with interaction with estrogen receptors (Brogi et al. 2019).
Basic medicine: physiology
Published in Roy Palmer, Diana Wetherill, Medicine for Lawyers, 2020
The gonads comprise the ovaries in the female and the testes in the male. Each gonad has a dual function: to produce germ cells, i.e. ova and spermatozoa, and to secrete sex hormones. Pituitary hormones (gonadotropins) cause enlargement of the ovary and testis during childhood, and the resultant release of gonadal hormones brings about the changes of puberty, including the growth spurt and the secondary sexual characteristics of females and males. Oestrogens and progesterone secreted by the ovary cause girls to start their monthly cycle of ovulation and menstruation, while testicular androgens stimulate the production of fertile sperm and seminal fluid. If sexual intercourse takes place during the period following ovulation, when an ovum is shed from the ovary and passes down the female genital tract, then conception may take place as the sperm penetrates the ovum. The developing embryo implants into the wall of the uterus, leading to the formation of the placenta, and placental hormones then sustain the pregnancy. At birth, which occurs around 270 days later, pituitary oxytocin governs the onset of uterine contractions. The breasts have enlarged during pregnancy under the combined actions of oestrogen, progesterone and the pituitary hormone prolactin. After birth lactation is controlled by prolactin combined with oxytocin secreted as a reflex response to suckling by the infant.
Arrested Acetylene-Induced Pulmonary and Testicular Toxicity in Rats Through Treatment With Polyphenols
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Tanitoluwa O. Oluwabayo, Afolabi C. Akinmoladun, Afolabi A. Akindahunsi
Testosterone, FSH, and LH are hormones involved in normal testicular function. FSH regulates the growth of seminiferous tubules and maintenance of spermatogenesis in males (D’Cruz et al. 2010) while LH stimulates testosterone production in Leydig cells which subsequently stimulates spermatogenesis (Parandin et al. 2012). Diminished secretion of LH or FSH can cause a failure of gonadal function (hypogonadism). The marked decrease in LH and FSH levels in acetylene-exposed animals indicates a toxic effect of the gas, probably through oxidative stress-mediated injury (Akomolafe et al. 2018). The testicular interstitial cells of Leydig produce testosterone, which is the primary male gonadal hormone. A significant drop in plasma testosterone was seen in the acetylene-exposed group compared to the control group in this study. Such a decrease in testosterone concentration most likely resulted from a decrease in serum FSH and LH levels as well as from the decreased testicular cholesterol concentration. This result is in line with the report of Adienbo et al. (2015). The reversal of the effects of acetylene on the testicular hormones by the polyphenols indicates their potential to restore disrupted hormonal balance.
Lasso-Logistic regression model for the identification of serum biomarkers of neurotoxicity induced by strychnos alkaloids
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2023
Zhipeng Wang, Xiaoyang Sun, Binjie Wang, Shan Shi, Xiaohui Chen
To clearly explore the relationship between various endogenous substances and neurotoxicity induced by SAE, these 21 endogenous substances were divided into three categories to perform summary statistics according to their properties. Glu, GABA, Ach, 5-HT, DA, NE, Tyr, and Trp were regarded as neurotransmitters, and relevant data illustrating the level of endogenous substances in the three groups were summarized in Table 1. E1, E2, E3, progesterone, testosterone, and androstenedione, were defined as gonadal hormones, and relevant data depicting the level of endogenous substances in the three groups were summarized in Table 2. FSH, LH, TRH, CRH, ADH, PRL, and GH were classified as neuroendocrine hormones, and relevant data showing the level of endogenous substances in the three groups were summarized in Table 3.
Cytoprotective effect and clinical outcome of perioperative progesterone in brain tumors, a randomized microscopically evidence study
Published in Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia, 2022
Omyma Shehata Mohamed, Mohab Mohamad Darwish, Marian fathy Gayyed, George abdelshaheed Hanna, Walid Zeidan Nanous, Mina Maher Raouf
Progesterone is a very versatile pleiotropic agent that is synthesized in the central nervous system (CNS) where it plays many important biological functions [10] thus, besides it is commonly known as a gonadal hormone, it is now also recognized as an important neuroprotective neurosteroid that opens a window to get a potentially safe anti-neuro inflammatory drug that can slow down injury induced inflammation [8]. Many studies have proven the efficacy and the safety of progesterone administration in acute severe TBI patients but relatively low studies that investigated it in case of surgical brain tumors despite the huge number of the daily elective neurosurgical operations worldwide, also theoretically the sequalae of these injuries can be preventable and amendable to pre-emptive treatment.