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Clinical Problems Associated with Diabetes Mellitus
Published in Grant N. Pierce, Robert E. Beamish, Naranjan S. Dhalla, Heart Dysfunction in Diabetes, 2019
Grant N. Pierce, Robert E. Beamish, Naranjan S. Dhalla
The patients classified as having impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) exhibit mild glucose intolerance as exhibited by abnormal responses to a challenge by a glucose load. Fasting plasma glucose levels may be in the normal range. These patients may or may not be obese and its etiologic origin is, as with the NIDDM syndrome, associated with various conditions. The third clinical class of diabetes, gestational diabetes, is a condition of glucose intolerance which becomes apparent only during pregnancy. Diabetics who become pregnant are not included in this class. Its etiology is unknown but probably involves hormonal alterations.
Exercise Prescription for Apparently Healthy Individuals and for Special Populations
Published in James M. Rippe, Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus are characterized by abnormally high blood glucose levels. Since physical activity facilitates glucose uptake by skeletal muscle, it can serve as an important mechanism of managing glucose concentration in either disease. In addition, through its effect on weight management, an adequate amount of physical activity (combined with a prudent diet) may assist in partial or, more rarely, full reversal of type 2 diabetes. Proper physical activity can also improve one’s cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk profile. Exercise can also be an effective means of preventing diabetes onset in people with impaired glucose tolerance.26
What do diagnoses mean, and does it matter?
Published in Rolf Ahlzén, Martyn Evans, Pekka Louhiala, Raimo Puustinen, Medical Humanities Companion, 2018
The words in italics are medical diagnoses. The first one is simply sore throat and the second one is high blood pressure, which is not a disease but may lead to, for example, stroke (the diagnosis Geoff had in another opening narrative). The third diagnosis implies a variety of symptoms and findings related to abnormal glucose tolerance. Fourth disease as a diagnosis was described in the late 19th century when childhood exanthemata were classified (‘first disease’ was measles, ‘second disease’ scarlet fever and ‘third disease’ rubella).1 Its existence as a separate entity was controversial from the beginning and by the latter part of the 20th century it had been dropped from the medical textbooks. Arguments for the existence of fourth disease have been, however, presented as late as 2001.2 Drapetomania was the tendency of black slaves to flee from captivity.
Comparative study of dietary fat: lard and sugar as a better obesity and metabolic syndrome mice model
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Victor Hugo Dantas Guimarães, Deborah de Farias Lelis, Luis Paulo Oliveira, Luciana Mendes Araújo Borém, Felipe Alberto Dantas Guimarães, Lucyana Conceição Farias, Alfredo Mauricio Batista de Paula, André Luiz Sena Guimarães, Sérgio Henrique Sousa Santos
In our study, the high-fat/high-sugar diet treatment was correlated with increased total adiposity and body weight. As Ferreira et al. demonstrated, these diets modulate the lipogenic and lipolysis pathways. The authors found that mice fed a high-carbohydrate diet displayed increased lipogenic activity, while high-fat fed mice displayed decreased lipolytic activity (Ferreira et al.2014). These findings might indicate that the combined diets, as used in our study, may exacerbate body composition alterations by concomitantly altering these antagonist pathways towards energy storage. The high-fat/high-sugar diet treatment also induced glucose intolerance, decreased insulin sensitivity, and concomitantly increased glucose fasting levels. These findings explain the increased body weight and total adiposity observed in the treated animals, as glucose is one of the main lipogenesis and inflammation inducers (Jameel et al.2014), thus reinforcing the appearance of metabolic syndrome-associated characteristics, such as dyslipidemia and hyperglycaemia, in our obesity mice models. Yang and colleagues (2012) also reported that a high-fat/high-sugar diet is able to induce metabolic syndrome associated complications, mainly by altering lipogenesis, insulin signalling, and inflammatory pathways in mice (Yang et al.2012).
Inflammatory state does not affect the antiplatelet efficacy of potent P2Y12 inhibitors in ACS
Published in Platelets, 2021
Benedikt S. Biesinger, Aleksandra Gasecka, Thomas Perkmann, Johann Wojta, Maciej Lesiak, Marek Grygier, Ceren Eyileten, Marek Postuła, Krzysztof J. Filipiak, Aurel Toma, Christian Hengstenberg, Jolanta M. Siller-Matula
The following data were recorded on admission: demographic data (age, gender), weight, type of ACS and type of P2Y12 inhibitor administered (prasugrel, ticagrelor), cardiovascular risk factors (arterial hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking status, family history of coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus), history of cardiovascular disease (prior AMI, prior PCI, carotid artery disease, peripheral artery disease), angiographic data, and pharmacotherapy administered at admission. Arterial hypertension was defined as (i) a history of hypertension and/or the use of antihypertensive drugs or (ii) repetitive resting blood pressure values above 140/90 mmHg during in-hospital measurements, applied two to four times daily. Hyperlipidemia was defined as (i) a history of lipid-lowering therapy or (ii) total cholesterol level above 200 mg/dl. Smoking was assessed as current, past, and nonsmoking. Diabetes mellitus was defined as (i) pathological oral glucose tolerance test, or (ii) a history of diabetes or anti-diabetic therapy. On admission, HbA1 c was measured in all patients and oral glucose tolerance test was performed, if necessary, to detect undiagnosed diabetes. In addition, routine laboratory parameters were recorded.
Eight sessions of endurance training decrease fasting glucose and improve glucose tolerance in middle-aged overweight males
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2021
Stian Jelstad, Thorhildur Ditta Valsdottir, Egil I. Johansen, J⊘rgen Jensen
Obesity is a worldwide problem and today more than half the middle-aged population is overweight or obese in many countries (Ng et al.2014). Overweight and obesity disposes for elevated fasting glucose and reduced glucose tolerance, and increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (Abdullah et al.2010, Ross et al.2011). Treatment of T2DM is costly and effective intervention strategies are necessary (Leung et al.2015, 2017). Importantly, exercise reduces fasting glucose and improves insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance (Colberg 2007, Sandvei et al.2012, Karstoft et al. 2013, Langleite et al.2016, Smith et al.2016). However, optimising the exercise protocols for people with overweight and obesity seem necessary to reach more people and improve metabolic health.