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Legume Nodule Biochemistry and Function
Published in Peter M. Gresshoff, Molecular Biology of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation, 2018
Robert B. Mellor, Dietrich Werner
The inoculation of legumes with efficient hydrogen uptake (Hup+) strains of Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium reduces the loss of electron flux through nitrogenase as H2 from over 30 to about 4%. Hup+ strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum can grow also by chemolithotrophy, using H2 as energy source and assimilating CO2 by ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase,34 but under these conditions, no nitrogen fixation was observed.
Biology of microbes
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2006
Carbohydrate metabolism. Metabolism refers to all the chemical reactions going on in a cell to allow the production of energy (catabolism) and the use of that energy to allow for synthesis of complex molecules to create the ordered cell or organism (anabolism). Catabolism involves the breakdown (oxidation) of organic compounds to provide energy. Catabolism can also involve the oxidation of inorganic compounds (chemolithotrophy) or the use of light (photosynthesis) to provide energy.
Non-Photocatalytic and Photocatalytic Inactivation of Viruses Using Antiviral Assays and Antiviral Nanomaterials
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Suman Tahir, Noor Tahir, Tajamal Hussain, Zubera Naseem, Muhammad Zahid, Ghulam Mustafa
Evaluation of environmental risk needs the inquiry of environmental release, bioavailability, mobility, and toxic action of NPs. Discharge of Ag NPs into the environment happens from point resources, such as from origination, in the course of synthesis and from non-point resources; these include accumulation in the atmosphere and products comprising NPs. Because of nano-dimension, NPs may have a substantial influence on the biotic constituent and bioavailability of contaminants or nutrient. Probable connection of NPs with harmful organic compounds can intensify or lessen their toxic action. Hence, NPs and organic contaminants can establish a static system for the living beings, in which harmful candidates are adsorbed using NPs, lessening their free content and decreasing toxicity. Since Ag NPs are robust antimicrobial agent, ecologists believe that if NPs are discharged into the environment, they may cause severe impact on natural systems, namely soil and water communities. In bulk state, Ag is harmful to algae, fish, some water florae, zebrafish, crustaceans, soil-forming bacteria, and some fungi. Ag NPs have also certain lethal effects on useful bacteria, including ammonifying bacteria, chemolithotrophic bacteria, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. These microbes show significant roles in the biodegradation of organic matter and nitrogen fixation. Particular bacteria have also a symbiotic association with leguminous plants, offering nitrogen to plants. Consequently, the ultimate toxic action of NPs demands to be addressed carefully, especially concerning possible harm to eukaryotic cells; however, the worldwide point of view regarding environmental influence demands appropriate attention.
The purification and functional study of new compounds produced by Escherichia coli that influence the growth of sulfate reducing bacteria
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2020
Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Julian Mitchell, Sarah Thresh, Vitaly Zinkevich
SRB are taxonomically unrelated group of microorganisms that acquire energy for their growth by oxidizing organic substrates and hydrogen. They utilize sulfur compounds, as final electron acceptor during anaerobic growth [1–6]. SRB encompass 60 genera of bacteria, accounting for 220 species [7]. These include proteobacteria, e.g. Desulfovibrio, firmicutes, e.g. Desulfotomaculum [3,4], archaebacteria, e.g. Archaeoglobus [8,9] and thermodesulfobacteria, e.g. Thermodesulfobacter [8]. SRB are chemolithotrophic and physiologically distinctive group of anaerobic bacteria. The SRB are widely distributed [9], phylogenetically diverse [10] and thrive well in a wide range of environmental conditions [11]. They grow well in anaerobic niches where sulfate reduction is the principal biomineralisation pathway [12].
Growth and biofilm formation of Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 on different metallic and polymeric materials used in spaceflight applications
Published in Biofouling, 2022
Nissem Abdeljelil, Najla Ben Miloud Yahia, Ahmed Landoulsi, Abdelwaheb Chatti, Ruddy Wattiez, Rob Van Houdt, David Gillan
Squire et al. (2014) indicate that due to technical limitations, the routine antimicrobial procedure (gamma irradiation or extended heat treatment at 87.7 °C) cannot be applied to all ORUs elements before launch. In fact, 5 from 16 items that are launched wet or containing water are not subjected to disinfection. This could create favorable conditions for inflight microbial growth and potential biofilm formation that could spread inside the wet system. Also microbial monitoring campaigns onboard the ISS showed recurrent microbial contamination events (Van Houdt and Leys 2020; Zea et al. 2020). Although biofilms in water systems are interacting multispecies communities (Thompson et al. 2020; Yang et al. 2021), one species that attracted attention is Cupriavidus metallidurans. A Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the Burkholderiaceae family that has been detected from 2009 to 2019 in almost all samples coming from the wastewater tank, the potable waterbus or the condensate (Mijnendonckx et al. 2013; Zea et al. 2020). This facultative chemolithotrophic motile microbe shows resistance to a broad range of metals, including silver used as disinfectant onboard ISS, and is able to adapt to various harsh conditions, including low nutrients environments (Mijnendonckx et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2018; Mijnendonckx et al. 2019; Maertens et al. 2020; Van Houdt et al. 2021). In addition, bacteria are exposed to specific conditions (e.g. microgravity and cosmic radiation) during spaceflight (Horneck et al. 2010; Huang et al. 2018; Acres et al. 2021; Bijlani et al. 2021), which have also been studied for C. metallidurans type strain CH34 (Leys et al. 2009; Byloos et al. 2017) (De Gelder et al. 2009; Leroy et al. 2010). Furthermore, it is used to explore future spaceflight applications such as testing antimicrobial surfaces (Siems et al. 2022) as well as biomining and bioremediation (Byloos et al. 2017; Cockell et al. 2020; Santomartino et al. 2020). It is therefore a representative of the contaminant species found in humid spacecraft systems as well as a microbe with potential extra-terrestrial applications.