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Specific Diseases and Procedures
Published in Michele Barletta, Jane Quandt, Rachel Reed, Equine Anesthesia and Pain Management, 2023
Before anesthesia, measure arterial pressure noninvasively with a cuff around the tail. Measure blood glucose concentration and treat hypoglycemia. Measure serum electrolyte concentrations and treat hyperkalemia > 6.6 mg/dl. Hyperkalemia increases the irritability of the myocardium, leading to dysrhythmias. Uremia causes CNS depression and decreases anesthetic requirement.
Endocrine Disorders
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Lisa Spence, Nana Adwoa Gletsu Miller, Tamara S. Hannon
Diabetes mellitus is a cluster of diseases with the common symptom of high blood glucose concentration, termed hyperglycemia. In the pediatric population, type 1 diabetes is most common (1.93/1,000 children), followed by prediabetes (1.6/1,000 children), and type 2 diabetes (0.46/1,000 children), and the incidence of all the disorders is on the rise.
Biochemistry of Exercise Training and Type 1 Diabetes
Published in Peter M. Tiidus, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Andrea R. Josse, The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise, 2020
Sam N. Scott, Matt Cocks, Anton J. M. Wagenmakers, Sam O. Shepherd, Michael C. Riddell
Mild hypoglycaemia is defined as a blood glucose concentration of 3.0–3.9 mmol/L; serious or clinically important hypoglycaemia can be defined as a blood glucose concentration ≤2.9 mmol/L; while severe hypoglycaemia is defined as the patient requiring assistance from another for recovery (90). Interestingly, symptoms of hypoglycaemia (i.e., shakiness, hunger, confusion) can occur at blood glucose levels above 3.9 mmol/L, particularly in individuals recently diagnosed with T1D and who have been in a state of chronic hyperglycaemia (156). However, it is also important to note that in individuals with hypoglycaemia unawareness, symptoms are not triggered until blood glucose levels are very low, often after cognitive function is impaired (78). The symptoms of hypoglycaemia can range in seriousness from mild tremor, loss of coordination, and mental confusion to convulsions, unconsciousness, brain damage, and even death (15, 46). Reports estimate that people with T1D are exposed to, on average, 3.5–7.2 episodes of symptomatic hypoglycaemia per month (24, 70, 135), although studies using continuous glucose monitors show higher unnoticed (often nocturnal) incidents (93, 105). On average, around 12% of adults living with T1D experience at least one severe temporarily disabling episode of hypoglycaemia per year (79, 116, 190, 198).
The efficacy and safety of tadalafil in the management of erectile dysfunction with diabetes and blood circulation issues
Published in The Aging Male, 2023
Jong Seung Lee, Seung-ho Hong, Hwa Yeon Sun, Hyunseung Jin, Byung Yeon Yu, Yong-jin Cho, Jin young Chang, Byung Wook Yoo
It is estimated that there are 537 million people with diabetes worldwide (20–79 years), accounting for approximately one out of five people aged 65 and above; by 2045, these would have increased to 783 million [1]. Due to westernized eating habits, such as the consumption of fast food, diabetes has become a common lifestyle disease with a prevalence of up to 13.7%. Diabetes, a condition with higher-than-normal blood glucose concentration, is caused by many factors, including aging, stress, obesity, and immune system abnormalities. Ninety percent of adult patients with diabetes have type 2 diabetes (T2DM), which can cause microvascular, macrovascular, and other miscellaneous complications (hyperglycemia, nephropathy, and retinopathy) through various mechanisms. In particular, erectile dysfunction (ED) is common in people with diabetes. A study reported that ED (including unstable erection) affects up to 50% of the diabetic population [2]. ED is attributed to different causes and can be of psychogenic (from psychological factors such as stress) and organic (caused by disabilities in the sex organ, blood vessel, endocrine, and nerve) types. Due to the high risk of complications in diabetes, patients often become psychologically anxious, and its complication, ED, also causes a loss of confidence, psychological frustration, and stress [3,4]. Thus, the patients should be cared for with a focus on this aspect as well.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress as an underlying factor in leading causes of blindness and potential therapeutic effects of 4-phenylbutyric acid: from bench to bedside
Published in Expert Review of Ophthalmology, 2022
Sahar Askari, Fatemeh Azizi, Pegah Javadpour, Nasser Karimi, Rasoul Ghasemi
DR is a serious vascular eye condition in chronic diabetic patients that causes progressive damage to the retina and can lead to vision impairment and blindness [92,93]. Retinal capillaries consist of a thin tube of endothelial cells ensheathed by pericyte cells [94]. Pericytes do not reproduce in the adult retina, and their degeneration precedes enhanced vascular permeability, retinal edema, and a subsequent formation of non-perfusion [95]. Hyperglycemia causes loss of pericytes [96,97], which, in turn, enhances angiogenic factors and inflammatory cytokines such as VEGF [98,99]. Moreover, during diabetes, fluctuations in blood glucose concentration may induce UPR and ER stress in retinal pericytes [100]. If the ER stress is severe and prolonged, it could overwhelm the protective action of UPR and ultimately induce the apoptotic pathways in these cells [101,102]. In other words, ER stress contributes to the onset and progression of DR by multiple signaling pathways.
Gender differences in association of prescription opioid use and mortality: A propensity-matched analysis from the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) prospective cohort
Published in Substance Abuse, 2021
Yulia Khodneva, Joshua Richman, Stefan Kertesz, Monika M. Safford
To minimize confounding by indication for PO, we matched persons who were prescribed opioids to those who did not have such prescriptions utilizing a propensity score, constructed from 56 baseline characteristics, presented in the supplement (Figure 1) and considered as potential confounders of any association between POU and mortality.33 The propensity score estimated the probability of receiving PO vs. not, and was calculated in a multivariable logistic regression model estimating odds of receiving PO as a function of these 56 characteristics, which included socio-demographics, baseline medical conditions and symptoms, physiological measures, other medication use, health behaviors, and chronic pain levels in the past 4 weeks. Socio-demographics, medication adherence, and health behaviors were self-reported. The use of other medications was determined via pill bottle review or self-report. Diabetes was defined as the use of insulin or oral anti glycemic agents, fasting blood glucose concentration of 126 mg/dL or higher, or non-fasting random plasma glucose concentration of 200 mg/dL or higher. Atrial fibrillation was ascertained from self-report or via baseline electrocardiograms. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was identified using Sokolow–Lyon criteria on an electrocardiogram.34 Baseline CHD was defined as electrocardiogram evidence of myocardial infarction (MI) or self-reported history of coronary artery bypass surgery, percutaneous coronary intervention, or MI.31